finish porting the chip8 emulator

examples/brainfuck.zr

@@ -16,13 +16,13 @@ func main[] : i64
         else if op == '<'
             p = p - 1
         else if op == '+'
-            str.set(memory, p, memory[p] + 1)
+            memory[p] = memory[p] + 1
         else if op == '-'
-            str.set(memory, p, memory[p] - 1)
+            memory[p] = memory[p] - 1
         else if op == '.'
             io.print_char(memory[p])
         else if op == ','
-            str.set(memory, p, io.read_char())
+            memory[p] = io.read_char()
         else if op == '['
             if !memory[p]
                 i = i + 1

examples/chip8.zr

@@ -0,0 +1,328 @@
+// needs to be compiled with -m -C="-lraylib"
+extern InitWindow
+extern SetTargetFPS
+extern WindowShouldClose
+extern BeginDrawing
+extern ClearBackground
+extern DrawRectangle
+extern EndDrawing
+extern IsKeyDown
+extern printf // TODO: replace with std
+extern rand // TODO: replace with std
+
+struct CHIP8
+    memory: ptr
+    pc: i64
+    stack: array
+    sp: i64
+    reg: ptr
+    I: i64
+    delay_timer: i64
+    sound_timer: i64
+    keyboard: array
+    display: ptr
+    keyboard_map: array
+
+func chip8_create[] : CHIP8
+    let c: CHIP8 = new CHIP8
+    c->memory = mem.alloc(4096)
+    mem.zero(c->memory, 4096)
+    c->display = mem.alloc(64*32)
+    mem.zero(c->display, 64*32)
+    c->reg = mem.alloc(16)
+    mem.zero(c->reg, 16)
+
+    c->stack = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
+    c->keyboard = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
+
+    let fonts: array = [0xf0, 0x90, 0x90, 0x90, 0xf0, 0x20, 0x60, 0x20, 0x20, 0x70, 0xf0, 0x10, 0xf0, 0x80, 0xf0, 0xf0, 0x10, 0xf0, 0x10, 0xf0, 0x90, 0x90, 0xf0, 0x10, 0x10, 0xf0, 0x80, 0xf0, 0x10, 0xf0, 0xf0, 0x80, 0xf0, 0x90, 0xf0, 0xf0, 0x10, 0x20, 0x40, 0x40, 0xf0, 0x90, 0xf0, 0x90, 0xf0, 0xf0, 0x90, 0xf0, 0x10, 0xf0, 0xf0, 0x90, 0xf0, 0x90, 0x90, 0xe0, 0x90, 0xe0, 0x90, 0xe0, 0xf0, 0x80, 0x80, 0x80, 0xf0, 0xe0, 0x90, 0x90, 0x90, 0xe0, 0xf0, 0x80, 0xf0, 0x80, 0xf0, 0xf0, 0x80, 0xf0, 0x80, 0x80]
+    for i in 0..80
+        c->memory[i] = array.nth(fonts, i)
+    mem.free(fonts)
+
+    c->pc = 0x200
+
+    // see KeyboardKey in raylib.h
+    c->keyboard_map = [49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 265, 32, 263, 264, 262, 87, 69, 82, 84, 89, 85]
+
+    return c
+
+func chip8_disassemble[c: CHIP8, ins_count: i64] : void
+    for i in 0..ins_count
+        printf("0x%x: ", c->pc)
+
+        let high: i64 = c->memory[c->pc]
+        let low: i64 = c->memory[c->pc + 1]
+        c->pc = c->pc + 2
+
+        let ins: i64 = (high << 8) | low
+        let nnn: i64 = ins & 0x0fff
+        let kk: i64 = ins & 0x00ff
+        let n: i64 = ins & 0x000f
+        let x: i64 = (ins >> 8) & 0x0f
+        let y: i64 = (ins >> 4) & 0x0f
+
+        let op: i64 = (ins >> 12) & 0x0f
+        if op == 0x0
+            if nnn == 0x0e0
+                io.println("CLS")
+            else if nnn == 0x0ee
+                io.println("RET")
+            else
+                io.print("SYS ")
+                io.println_i64(nnn)
+        else if op == 0x1
+            printf("JP 0x%x\n", nnn)
+        else if op == 0x2
+            io.print("CALL ")
+            io.println_i64(nnn)
+        else if op == 0x3
+            printf("SE V%x, %u\n", x, kk)
+        else if op == 0x4
+            printf("SNE V%x, %u\n", x, kk)
+        else if op == 0x5
+            printf("SE V%x, V%x\n", x, y)
+        else if op == 0x6
+            printf("LD V%x, %u\n", x, kk)
+        else if op == 0x7
+            printf("ADD V%x, %u\n", x, kk)
+        else if op == 0x8
+            if n == 0x0
+                printf("LD V%x, V%x\n", x, y)
+            else if n == 0x1
+                printf("OR V%x, V%x\n", x, y)
+            else if n == 0x2
+                printf("AND V%x, V%x\n", x, y)
+            else if n == 0x3
+                printf("XOR V%x, V%x\n", x, y)
+            else if n == 0x4
+                printf("ADD V%x, V%x\n", x, y)
+            else if n == 0x5
+                printf("SUB V%x, V%x\n", x, y)
+            else if n == 0x6
+                printf("SHR V%x\n", x)
+            else if n == 0x7
+                printf("SUBN V%x, V%x\n", x, y)
+            else if n == 0xE
+                printf("SHL V%x\n", x)
+            else
+                printf("??? (%x)\n", ins)
+        else if op == 0x9
+            printf("SNE V%x, V%x\n", x, y)
+        else if op == 0xa
+            printf("LD I, 0x%x\n", nnn)
+        else if op == 0xb
+            printf("JP V0, %u\n", nnn)
+        else if op == 0xc
+            printf("RND V%x, %u\n", x, kk)
+        else if op == 0xd
+            printf("DRW V%x, V%x, %u\n", x, y, n)
+        else if op == 0xe
+            if kk == 0x9e
+                printf("SKP V%x\n", x)
+            else if kk == 0xa1
+                printf("SKNP V%x\n", x)
+            else
+                printf("??? (%x)\n", ins)
+        else if op == 0xf
+            if kk == 0x07
+                printf("LD V%x, DT\n", x)
+            else if kk == 0x0A
+                printf("LD V%x, K\n", x)
+            else if kk == 0x15
+                printf("LD DT, V%x\n", x)
+            else if kk == 0x18
+                printf("LD ST, V%x\n", x)
+            else if kk == 0x1E
+                printf("ADD I, V%x\n", x)
+            else if kk == 0x29
+                printf("LD F, V%x\n", x)
+            else if kk == 0x33
+                printf("LD B, V%x\n", x)
+            else if kk == 0x55
+                printf("LD [I], V%x\n", x)
+            else if kk == 0x65
+                printf("LD V%x, [I]\n", x)
+            else
+                printf("??? (%x)\n", ins)
+        else
+            printf("??? (%x)\n", ins)
+
+func chip8_step[c: CHIP8] : void
+    let high: i64 = c->memory[c->pc]
+    let low: i64 = c->memory[c->pc + 1]
+    c->pc = c->pc + 2
+
+    let ins: i64 = (high << 8) | low
+    let nnn: i64 = ins & 0x0fff
+    let kk: i64 = ins & 0x00ff
+    let n: i64 = ins & 0x000f
+    let x: i64 = (ins >> 8) & 0x0f
+    let y: i64 = (ins >> 4) & 0x0f
+
+    let op: i64 = (ins >> 12) & 0x0f
+    if op == 0x0
+        if nnn == 0x0e0
+            mem.zero(c->display, 64 * 32)
+        else if nnn == 0x0ee
+            c->pc = array.nth(c->stack, c->sp)
+            c->sp = c->sp - 1
+    else if op == 0x1
+        c->pc = nnn
+    else if op == 0x2
+        c->sp = c->sp + 1
+        array.set(c->stack, c->sp, c->pc)
+        c->pc = nnn
+    else if op == 0x3
+        if c->reg[x] == kk
+            c->pc = c->pc + 2
+    else if op == 0x4
+        if c->reg[x] != kk
+            c->pc = c->pc + 2
+    else if op == 0x5
+        if c->reg[x] == c->reg[y]
+            c->pc = c->pc + 2
+    else if op == 0x6
+        c->reg[x] = kk
+    else if op == 0x7
+        c->reg[x] = c->reg[x] + kk
+    else if op == 0x8
+        if n == 0x0
+            c->reg[x] = c->reg[y]
+        else if n == 0x1
+            c->reg[x] = c->reg[x] | c->reg[y]
+        else if n == 0x2
+            c->reg[x] = c->reg[x] & c->reg[y]
+        else if n == 0x3
+            c->reg[x] = c->reg[x] ^ c->reg[y]
+        else if n == 0x4
+            let res: i64 = c->reg[x] + c->reg[y]
+            c->reg[0xf] = res > 0xff
+            c->reg[x] = res
+        else if n == 0x5
+            c->reg[0xf] = c->reg[x] > c->reg[y]
+            c->reg[x] = c->reg[x] - c->reg[y]
+        else if n == 0x6
+            c->reg[0xf] = c->reg[x] & 0x1
+            c->reg[x] = c->reg[x] >> 1
+        else if n == 0x7
+            c->reg[0xf] = c->reg[y] > c->reg[x]
+            c->reg[x] = c->reg[y] - c->reg[x]
+        else if n == 0xE
+            c->reg[0xf] = (c->reg[x] & 0x80) >> 7
+            c->reg[x] = c->reg[x] << 1
+    else if op == 0x9
+        if c->reg[x] != c->reg[y]
+            c->pc = c->pc + 2
+    else if op == 0xa
+        c->I = nnn
+    else if op == 0xb
+        c->pc = nnn + c->reg[0]
+    else if op == 0xc
+        c->reg[x] = (rand() % 256) & kk
+    else if op == 0xd
+        c->reg[0xf] = 0
+        for row in 0..n
+            for col in 0..8
+                if (c->memory[c->I + row] & (0x80 >> col)) != 0
+                    let pixel_x: i64 = (c->reg[x] + col) % 64
+                    let pixel_y: i64 = (c->reg[y] + row) % 32
+                    let offset: i64 = pixel_x + (pixel_y * 64)
+
+                    if c->display[offset] == 1
+                        c->reg[0xf] = 1
+                    c->display[offset] = c->display[offset] ^ 1
+    else if op == 0xe
+        if kk == 0x9e
+            if IsKeyDown(array.nth(c->keyboard_map, c->reg[x]))
+                c->pc = c->pc + 2
+        else if kk == 0xa1
+            if !IsKeyDown(array.nth(c->keyboard_map, c->reg[x]))
+                c->pc = c->pc + 2
+    else if op == 0xf
+        if kk == 0x07
+            c->reg[x] = c->delay_timer
+        else if kk == 0x0A
+            let key_pressed: bool = false
+            while !key_pressed && !WindowShouldClose()
+                for i in 0..16
+                    if IsKeyDown(array.nth(c->keyboard_map, i))
+                        key_pressed = true
+                        break
+        else if kk == 0x15
+            c->delay_timer = c->reg[x]
+        else if kk == 0x18
+            c->sound_timer = c->reg[x]
+        else if kk == 0x1E
+            c->I = c->I + c->reg[x]
+        else if kk == 0x29
+            c->I = c->reg[x] * 5
+        else if kk == 0x33
+            c->memory[c->I] = c->reg[x] / 100
+            c->memory[c->I + 1] = (c->reg[x] / 10) % 10
+            c->memory[c->I + 2] = c->reg[x] % 10
+        else if kk == 0x55
+            for i in 0..x+1
+                c->memory[c->I + i] = c->reg[i]
+        else if kk == 0x65
+            for i in 0..x+1
+                c->reg[i] = c->memory[c->I + i]
+
+func chip8_free[c: CHIP8] : void
+    mem.free(c->memory)
+    array.free(c->stack)
+    mem.free(c->reg)
+    array.free(c->keyboard)
+    mem.free(c->display)
+    array.free(c->keyboard_map)
+    mem.free(c)
+
+func main[argc: i64, argv: ptr] : i64
+    let path: str = 0
+    let disassemble: bool = 0
+
+    for i in 1..argc
+        let arg: str = mem.read64(argv + i * 8)
+        if str.equal(arg, "-d")
+            disassemble = 1
+        else
+            path = arg
+    
+    if path == 0
+        io.println("Usage: chip8 -d <path>")
+        return 1
+    
+    let c: CHIP8 = chip8_create()
+
+    let bytes_size: ptr = 0
+    let bytes: ptr = io.read_binary_file(path, ^bytes_size)
+
+    for i in 0..bytes_size
+        c->memory[0x200 + i] = bytes[i]
+
+    if disassemble
+        chip8_disassemble(c, bytes_size / 2)
+        return 0
+    
+    InitWindow(640, 320, "CHIP-8")
+    SetTargetFPS(60)
+
+    while !WindowShouldClose()
+        if c->delay_timer > 0
+            c->delay_timer = c->delay_timer - 1
+        if c->sound_timer > 0
+            c->sound_timer = c->sound_timer - 1
+            // TODO: buzzer
+        
+        for i in 0..25
+            chip8_step(c)
+        
+        BeginDrawing()
+
+        ClearBackground(0xffffffff)
+        for y in 0..32
+            for x in 0..64
+                if c->display[x + y * 64] == 1
+                    DrawRectangle(x * 10, y * 10, 10, 10, 0xff000000)
+
+        EndDrawing()

examples/crypto.zr

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ func main[] : i64
 
     let base_point: ptr = mem.alloc(32)
     mem.zero(base_point, 32)
-    mem.write8(base_point, 9)
+    base_point[0] = 9
 
     let alice_private: ptr = str.hex_decode("77076d0a7318a57d3c16c17251b26645df4c2f87ebc0992ab177fba51db92c2a")
     io.print("A_priv: ")

examples/puzzles/aoc2024_04.zr

@@ -44,11 +44,11 @@ func part2[lines: array] : void
         for y in 1..str.len(array.nth(lines, x))-1
             if array.nth(lines, x)[y] == 'A'
                 let s: str = mem.alloc(5)
-                str.set(s, 0, array.nth(lines, x - 1)[y - 1])
-                str.set(s, 1, array.nth(lines, x + 1)[y - 1])
-                str.set(s, 2, array.nth(lines, x + 1)[y + 1])
-                str.set(s, 3, array.nth(lines, x - 1)[y + 1])
-                str.set(s, 4, 0)
+                s[0] = array.nth(lines, x - 1)[y - 1]
+                s[1] = array.nth(lines, x + 1)[y - 1]
+                s[2] = array.nth(lines, x + 1)[y + 1]
+                s[3] = array.nth(lines, x - 1)[y + 1]
+                s[4] = 0
 
                 if str.equal(s, "MSSM") || str.equal(s, "SMMS") || str.equal(s, "MMSS") || str.equal(s, "SSMM")
                     out = out + 1

examples/puzzles/aoc2025_03.zr

@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ func part1[lines: array] : void
         for j in 0..str.len(line)
             for k in (j+1)..str.len(line)
                 let s: str = mem.alloc(3)
-                str.set(s, 0, line[j])
-                str.set(s, 1, line[k])
-                str.set(s, 2, 0)
+                s[0] = line[j]
+                s[1] = line[k]
+                s[2] = 0
                 let n: i64 = str.parse_i64(s)
                 if n > largest
                     largest = n

src/analyzer.rs

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ use crate::{
 pub struct Analyzer {
     pub functions: HashMap<String, i32>,
     pub constants: HashMap<String, u64>,
+    pub structs: HashMap<String, HashMap<String, usize>>,
 }
 
 impl Analyzer {
@@ -15,6 +16,7 @@ impl Analyzer {
         Analyzer {
             functions: HashMap::new(),
             constants: HashMap::new(),
+            structs: HashMap::new(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -117,7 +119,17 @@ impl Analyzer {
                 }
                 self.functions.insert(name.lexeme.clone(), -1);
             }
-            Stmt::Struct { name: _, fields: _ } => todo!(),
+            Stmt::Struct { name, fields } => {
+                let mut fields_map: HashMap<String, usize> = HashMap::new();
+
+                let mut offset: usize = 0;
+                for field in fields {
+                    fields_map.insert(field.var_name.lexeme.clone(), offset);
+                    offset += 8;
+                }
+
+                self.structs.insert(name.lexeme.clone(), fields_map);
+            }
         }
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -138,7 +150,8 @@ impl Analyzer {
                 self.analyze_expr(right)?;
             }
             Expr::Variable(_) => {}
-            Expr::Assign { name: _, value } => {
+            Expr::Assign { left, op: _, value } => {
+                self.analyze_expr(left)?;
                 self.analyze_expr(value)?;
             }
             Expr::Call {
@@ -190,6 +203,9 @@ impl Analyzer {
                 self.analyze_expr(expr)?;
             }
             Expr::New(_) => {}
+            Expr::MemberAccess { left, field: _ } => {
+                self.analyze_expr(left)?;
+            }
         }
         Ok(())
     }

src/codegen_x86_64.rs

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use std::{collections::HashMap, fmt::Write};
 use crate::{
     analyzer::Analyzer,
     parser::{Expr, Stmt},
-    tokenizer::{TokenType, ZernError, error},
+    tokenizer::{Token, TokenType, ZernError, error},
 };
 
 struct Var {
@@ -69,6 +69,9 @@ macro_rules! emit {
 
 static REGISTERS: [&str; 6] = ["rdi", "rsi", "rdx", "rcx", "r8", "r9"];
 
+// TODO: currently they are all just 64 bit values
+static BUILTIN_TYPES: [&str; 7] = ["void", "u8", "i64", "str", "bool", "ptr", "array"];
+
 pub struct CodegenX86_64<'a> {
     output: String,
     data_section: String,
@@ -108,11 +111,6 @@ _builtin_read64:
     mov rax, qword [rdi]
     ret
 
-section .text._builtin_set8
-_builtin_set8:
-    mov [rdi], sil
-    ret
-
 section .text._builtin_set64
 _builtin_set64:
     mov [rdi], rsi
@@ -170,6 +168,10 @@ _builtin_environ:
                     },
                 };
 
+                if !self.is_valid_type_name(&var_type) {
+                    return error!(&name.loc, "unrecognized type: ".to_owned() + &var_type);
+                }
+
                 self.compile_expr(env, initializer)?;
                 let offset = env.define_var(name.lexeme.clone(), var_type);
                 emit!(&mut self.output, "    mov QWORD [rbp-{}], rax", offset);
@@ -238,6 +240,13 @@ _builtin_environ:
                 emit!(&mut self.output, "    sub rsp, 256"); // TODO
 
                 for (i, param) in params.iter().enumerate() {
+                    if !self.is_valid_type_name(&param.var_type.lexeme) {
+                        return error!(
+                            &name.loc,
+                            "unrecognized type: ".to_owned() + &param.var_type.lexeme
+                        );
+                    }
+
                     let offset = env
                         .define_var(param.var_name.lexeme.clone(), param.var_type.lexeme.clone());
                     if let Some(reg) = REGISTERS.get(i) {
@@ -504,14 +513,19 @@ _builtin_environ:
                     );
                 }
             }
-            Expr::Assign { name, value } => {
+            Expr::Assign { left, op, value } => {
                 self.compile_expr(env, value)?;
 
+                match left.as_ref() {
+                    Expr::Variable(name) => {
                         // TODO: move to analyzer
                         let var = match env.get_var(&name.lexeme) {
                             Some(x) => x,
                             None => {
-                        return error!(name.loc, format!("undefined variable: {}", &name.lexeme));
+                                return error!(
+                                    name.loc,
+                                    format!("undefined variable: {}", &name.lexeme)
+                                );
                             }
                         };
                         emit!(
@@ -520,6 +534,28 @@ _builtin_environ:
                             var.stack_offset,
                         );
                     }
+                    Expr::Index { expr, index } => {
+                        emit!(&mut self.output, "    push rax");
+                        self.compile_expr(env, expr)?;
+                        emit!(&mut self.output, "    push rax");
+                        self.compile_expr(env, index)?;
+                        emit!(&mut self.output, "    pop rbx");
+                        emit!(&mut self.output, "    add rbx, rax");
+                        emit!(&mut self.output, "    pop rax");
+                        emit!(&mut self.output, "    mov BYTE [rbx], al");
+                    }
+                    Expr::MemberAccess { left, field } => {
+                        emit!(&mut self.output, "    push rax");
+
+                        let offset = self.get_field_offset(env, left, field)?;
+
+                        self.compile_expr(env, left)?;
+                        emit!(&mut self.output, "    pop rbx");
+                        emit!(&mut self.output, "    mov QWORD [rax+{}], rbx", offset);
+                    }
+                    _ => return error!(&op.loc, "invalid assignment target"),
+                };
+            }
             Expr::Call {
                 callee,
                 paren: _,
@@ -627,8 +663,70 @@ _builtin_environ:
                     return error!(&op.loc, "can only take address of variables and functions");
                 }
             },
-            Expr::New(_) => todo!(),
+            Expr::New(struct_name) => {
+                let struct_fields = &self.analyzer.structs[&struct_name.lexeme];
+
+                let memory_size = struct_fields.len() * 8;
+                emit!(&mut self.output, "    mov rdi, {}", memory_size);
+                emit!(&mut self.output, "    call mem.alloc");
+                emit!(&mut self.output, "    push rax");
+                emit!(&mut self.output, "    mov rdi, rax");
+                emit!(&mut self.output, "    mov rsi, {}", memory_size);
+                emit!(&mut self.output, "    call mem.zero");
+                emit!(&mut self.output, "    pop rax");
+            }
+            Expr::MemberAccess { left, field } => {
+                let offset = self.get_field_offset(env, left, field)?;
+                self.compile_expr(env, left)?;
+                emit!(&mut self.output, "    mov rax, QWORD [rax+{}]", offset);
+            }
         }
         Ok(())
     }
+
+    fn is_valid_type_name(&self, name: &str) -> bool {
+        if BUILTIN_TYPES.contains(&name) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        if self.analyzer.structs.contains_key(name) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        false
+    }
+
+    fn get_field_offset(
+        &self,
+        env: &mut Env,
+        left: &Expr,
+        field: &Token,
+    ) -> Result<usize, ZernError> {
+        let struct_name = match left {
+            Expr::Variable(name) => match env.get_var(&name.lexeme) {
+                Some(v) => v.var_type.clone(),
+                None => {
+                    return error!(name.loc, format!("undefined variable: {}", &name.lexeme));
+                }
+            },
+            _ => {
+                return error!(
+                    &field.loc,
+                    "cannot determine struct type for member assignment"
+                );
+            }
+        };
+
+        let fields = match self.analyzer.structs.get(&struct_name) {
+            Some(f) => f,
+            None => {
+                return error!(&field.loc, format!("unknown struct type: {}", struct_name));
+            }
+        };
+
+        let offset = match fields.get(&field.lexeme) {
+            Some(o) => *o,
+            None => return error!(&field.loc, format!("unknown field: {}", &field.lexeme)),
+        };
+
+        Ok(offset)
+    }
 }

src/parser.rs

@@ -71,7 +71,8 @@ pub enum Expr {
     },
     Variable(Token),
     Assign {
-        name: Token,
+        left: Box<Expr>,
+        op: Token,
         value: Box<Expr>,
     },
     Call {
@@ -89,11 +90,12 @@ pub enum Expr {
         expr: Box<Expr>,
     },
     New(Token),
+    MemberAccess {
+        left: Box<Expr>,
+        field: Token,
+    },
 }
 
-// TODO: currently they are all just 64 bit values
-static TYPES: [&str; 7] = ["void", "u8", "i64", "str", "bool", "ptr", "array"];
-
 pub struct Parser {
     tokens: Vec<Token>,
     current: usize,
@@ -159,9 +161,6 @@ impl Parser {
                 self.consume(TokenType::Colon, "expected ':' after parameter name")?;
 
                 let var_type = self.consume(TokenType::Identifier, "expected parameter type")?;
-                if !TYPES.contains(&var_type.lexeme.as_str()) {
-                    return error!(&name.loc, format!("unknown type: {}", var_type.lexeme));
-                }
 
                 params.push(Param { var_type, var_name });
                 if !self.match_token(&[TokenType::Comma]) {
@@ -173,9 +172,6 @@ impl Parser {
         self.consume(TokenType::RightBracket, "expected ']' after arguments")?;
         self.consume(TokenType::Colon, "expected ':' after '['")?;
         let return_type = self.consume(TokenType::Identifier, "expected return type")?;
-        if !TYPES.contains(&return_type.lexeme.as_str()) {
-            return error!(&name.loc, format!("unknown type: {}", return_type.lexeme));
-        }
 
         self.is_inside_function = true;
         let body = Box::new(self.block()?);
@@ -201,9 +197,6 @@ impl Parser {
             self.consume(TokenType::Colon, "expected ':' after field name")?;
 
             let var_type = self.consume(TokenType::Identifier, "expected field type")?;
-            if !TYPES.contains(&var_type.lexeme.as_str()) {
-                return error!(&name.loc, format!("unknown type: {}", var_type.lexeme));
-            }
 
             fields.push(Param { var_type, var_name });
         }
@@ -218,9 +211,6 @@ impl Parser {
 
         let var_type = if self.match_token(&[TokenType::Colon]) {
             let token = self.consume(TokenType::Identifier, "expected variable type")?;
-            if !TYPES.contains(&token.lexeme.as_str()) {
-                return error!(&name.loc, format!("unknown type: {}", token.lexeme));
-            }
             Some(token)
         } else {
             None
@@ -332,13 +322,11 @@ impl Parser {
             let equals = self.previous().clone();
             let value = self.assignment()?;
 
-            return match expr {
-                Expr::Variable(name) => Ok(Expr::Assign {
-                    name,
+            return Ok(Expr::Assign {
+                left: Box::new(expr),
+                op: equals,
                 value: Box::new(value),
-                }),
-                _ => return error!(equals.loc, "invalid assignment target"),
-            };
+            });
         }
 
         Ok(expr)
@@ -521,6 +509,13 @@ impl Parser {
                     expr: Box::new(expr),
                     index: Box::new(index),
                 }
+            } else if self.match_token(&[TokenType::Arrow]) {
+                let field =
+                    self.consume(TokenType::Identifier, "expected field name after '->'")?;
+                expr = Expr::MemberAccess {
+                    left: Box::new(expr),
+                    field,
+                };
             } else {
                 break;
             }

src/std/crypto.zr

@@ -85,9 +85,9 @@ func crypto.blake2b.hash[outlen: i64, key: ptr, keylen: i64, input: ptr, inputle
 
     if keylen > 0
         for i in 0..keylen
-            mem.write8(block + i, key[i])
+            block[i] = key[i]
         for i in (keylen)..128
-            mem.write8(block + i, 0)
+            block[i] = 0
         c = 128
     else
         c = 0
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ func crypto.blake2b.hash[outlen: i64, key: ptr, keylen: i64, input: ptr, inputle
                 t1 = t1 + 1
             crypto.blake2b._compress(h, block, t0, t1, 0, iv, sigma)
             c = 0
-        mem.write8(block + c, input[i])
+        block[c] = input[i]
         c = c + 1
     
     t0 = t0 + c
@@ -108,11 +108,11 @@ func crypto.blake2b.hash[outlen: i64, key: ptr, keylen: i64, input: ptr, inputle
     
     if c < 128
         for i in (c)..128
-            mem.write8(block + i, 0)
+            block[i] = 0
     crypto.blake2b._compress(h, block, t0, t1, 1, iv, sigma)
 
     for i in 0..outlen
-        mem.write8(out + i, ((mem.read64(h + (i >> 3) * 8) >> (8 * (i & 7))) & 0xff))
+        out[i] = (mem.read64(h + (i >> 3) * 8) >> (8 * (i & 7))) & 0xff
 
     mem.zero_and_free(h, 8 * 8)
     mem.zero_and_free(block, 128)
@@ -210,10 +210,9 @@ func crypto.xchacha20._stream[key: ptr, nonce: ptr, out: ptr, len: i64] : void
     crypto.xchacha20._hchacha20(key, nonce, subkey)
 
     let nonce12: ptr = mem.alloc(12)
-    for i in 0..12
-        mem.write8(nonce12 + i, 0)
+    mem.zero(nonce12, 12)
     for i in 0..8
-        mem.write8(nonce12 + 4 + i, nonce[16 + i])
+        nonce12[i + 4] = nonce[16 + i]
 
     let blocknum = 0
     let remaining: i64 = len
@@ -225,7 +224,7 @@ func crypto.xchacha20._stream[key: ptr, nonce: ptr, out: ptr, len: i64] : void
         if remaining < 64
             take = remaining
         for i in 0..take
-            mem.write8(out + (len - remaining) + i, block[i])
+            out[len - remaining + i] = block[i]
         remaining = remaining - take
         blocknum = blocknum + 1
     mem.zero_and_free(block, 64)
@@ -237,13 +236,13 @@ func crypto.xchacha20._stream[key: ptr, nonce: ptr, out: ptr, len: i64] : void
 func crypto.xchacha20.xor_no_auth[key: ptr, nonce: ptr, input: ptr, len: i64] : ptr
     if len <= 0
         let out: ptr = mem.alloc(1)
-        mem.write8(out, 0)
+        out[0] = 0
         return out
     let out: ptr = mem.alloc(len)
     let ks: ptr = mem.alloc(len)
     crypto.xchacha20._stream(key, nonce, ks, len)
     for i in 0..len
-        mem.write8(out + i, input[i] ^ ks[i])
+        out[i] = input[i] ^ ks[i]
     mem.zero_and_free(ks, len)
     return out
 
@@ -328,8 +327,8 @@ func crypto.x25519.pack[out: ptr, input: ptr] : void
     
     for i in 0..16
         let v: i64 = mem.read64(t + i * 8)
-        mem.write8(out + i * 2, v & 0xff)
-        mem.write8(out + i * 2 + 1, (v >> 8) & 0xff)
+        out[i * 2] = v & 0xff
+        out[i * 2 + 1] = (v >> 8) & 0xff
 
     mem.zero_and_free(t, 16 * 8)
     mem.zero_and_free(m, 16 * 8)
@@ -353,9 +352,9 @@ func crypto.x25519.scalarmult[scalar: ptr, point: ptr] : ptr
 
     // copy and clamp scalar
     for i in 0..32
-        mem.write8(clamped + i, scalar[i])
-    mem.write8(clamped, clamped[0] & 0xf8)
-    mem.write8(clamped + 31, (clamped[31] & 0x7f) | 0x40)
+        clamped[i] = scalar[i]
+    clamped[0] = clamped[0] & 0xf8
+    clamped[31] = (clamped[31] & 0x7f) | 0x40
 
     // load point
     crypto.x25519.unpack(x, point)

src/std/std.zr

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ func mem.zero_and_free[x: ptr, size: i64] : void
 
 func mem.zero[x: ptr, size: i64] : void
     for i in 0..size
-        mem.write8(x + i, 0)
+        x[i] = 0
 
 func mem.read8[x: ptr] : u8
     return x[0]
@@ -35,14 +35,11 @@ func mem.read32[x: ptr] : i64
 func mem.read64[x: ptr] : i64
     return _builtin_read64(x)
 
-func mem.write8[x: ptr, d: u8] : void
-    _builtin_set8(x, d)
-
 func mem.write32[x: ptr, d: i64] : void
-    mem.write8(x, d & 0xff)
-    mem.write8(x + 1, (d >> 8) & 0xff)
-    mem.write8(x + 2, (d >> 16) & 0xff)
-    mem.write8(x + 3, (d >> 24) & 0xff)
+    x[0] = d & 0xff
+    x[1] = (d >> 8) & 0xff
+    x[2] = (d >> 16) & 0xff
+    x[3] = (d >> 24) & 0xff
 
 func mem.write64[x: ptr, d: i64] : void
     _builtin_set64(x, d)
@@ -80,8 +77,9 @@ func io.read_line[]: str
     let buffer: str = mem.alloc(MAX_SIZE + 1)
     let n: i64 = _builtin_syscall(SYS_read, 0, buffer, MAX_SIZE)
     if n < 0
+        mem.free(buffer)
         return ""
-    str.set(buffer, n, 0)
+    buffer[n] = 0
     return buffer
 
 func io.read_file[path: str] : str
@@ -94,8 +92,22 @@ func io.read_file[path: str]: str
 
     let buffer: str = mem.alloc(size + 1)
     let n: i64 = _builtin_syscall(SYS_read, fd, buffer, size)
-    str.set(buffer, n, 0)
     _builtin_syscall(SYS_close, fd)
+    buffer[n] = 0
+    return buffer
+
+func io.read_binary_file[path: str, len_ptr: ptr] : ptr
+    let fd: i64 = _builtin_syscall(SYS_openat, -100, path, 0, 0)
+    if fd < 0
+        dbg.panic("failed to open file")
+    
+    let size: i64 = _builtin_syscall(SYS_lseek, fd, 0, 2)
+    _builtin_syscall(SYS_lseek, fd, 0, 0)
+
+    let buffer: ptr = mem.alloc(size)
+    _builtin_syscall(SYS_read, fd, buffer, size)
+    _builtin_syscall(SYS_close, fd)
+    mem.write64(len_ptr, size)
     return buffer
 
 func io.write_file[path: str, content: str] : void
@@ -116,12 +128,9 @@ func str.copy[s: str] : str
     let size: i64 = str.len(s) + 1
     let dup: str = mem.alloc(size)
     for i in 0..size
-        str.set(dup, i, s[i])
+        dup[i] = s[i]
     return dup
 
-func str.set[s: str, n: i64, c: u8] : void
-    mem.write8(s + n, c)
-
 func str.equal[a: str, b: str] : bool
     let i = 0
     while a[i] != 0 && b[i] != 0
@@ -156,10 +165,10 @@ func str.concat[a: str, b: str] : str
     let b_len: i64 = str.len(b)
     let out: str = mem.alloc(a_len + b_len + 1)
     for i in 0..a_len
-        str.set(out, i, a[i])
+        out[i] = a[i]
     for i in 0..b_len
-        str.set(out, a_len + i, b[i])
-    str.set(out, a_len + b_len, 0)
+        out[a_len + i] = b[i]
+    out[a_len + b_len] = 0
     return out
 
 func str.find[haystack: str, needle: str] : i64
@@ -185,8 +194,8 @@ func str.substr[s: str, start: i64, length: i64] : str
 
     let out: str = mem.alloc(length + 1)
     for i in 0..length
-        str.set(out, i, s[start + i])
-    str.set(out, length, 0)
+        out[i] = s[start + i]
+    out[length] = 0
     return out
 
 func str.trim[s: str] : str
@@ -242,8 +251,8 @@ func str.reverse[s: str] : str
     let out: str = mem.alloc(len + 1)
 
     for i in 0..len
-        str.set(out, i, s[len - i - 1])
-    str.set(out, len, 0)
+        out[i] = s[len - i - 1]
+    out[len] = 0
     return out
 
 // not sure this covers all wacky edge cases
@@ -258,21 +267,21 @@ func str.from_i64[n: i64] : str
     let i = 0
     while n > 0
         let d: u8 = n % 10
-        str.set(buf, i, '0' + d)
+        buf[i] = '0' + d
         n = n / 10
         i = i + 1
     if neg
-        str.set(buf, i, '-')
+        buf[i] = '-'
         i = i + 1
-    str.set(buf, i, 0)
+    buf[i] = 0
     let s: str = str.reverse(buf)
     mem.free(buf)
     return s
 
 func str.from_char[c: u8] : str
     let s: str = mem.alloc(2)
-    str.set(s, 0, c)
-    str.set(s, 1, 0)
+    s[0] = c
+    s[1] = 0
     return s
 
 func str.parse_i64[s: str] : i64
@@ -301,11 +310,11 @@ func str.hex_encode[s: str, s_len: i64] : str
     for i in 0..s_len
         let high: u8 = (s[i] >> 4) & 15
         let low: u8 = s[i] & 15
-        str.set(out, j, hex_chars[high])
-        str.set(out, j + 1, hex_chars[low])
+        out[j] = hex_chars[high]
+        out[j + 1] = hex_chars[low]
         j = j + 2
 
-    str.set(out, j, 0)
+    out[j] = 0
     return out
 
 func str._hex_digit_to_int[d: u8] : i64
@@ -322,11 +331,11 @@ func str.hex_decode[s: str] : str
     let out: str = mem.alloc(s_len / 2 + 1)
 
     while i < s_len
-        str.set(out, j, str._hex_digit_to_int(s[i]) * 16 + str._hex_digit_to_int(s[i + 1]))
+        out[j] = str._hex_digit_to_int(s[i]) * 16 + str._hex_digit_to_int(s[i + 1])
         i = i + 2
         j = j + 1
 
-    str.set(out, j, 0)
+    out[j] = 0
     return out
 
 func math.gcd[a: i64, b: i64] : i64
@@ -606,14 +615,14 @@ func net.listen[packed_host: i64, port: i64] : i64
 
     let sa: ptr = mem.alloc(16)
     mem.zero(sa, 16)
-    mem.write8(sa + 0, 2)
-    mem.write8(sa + 1, 0)
-    mem.write8(sa + 2, (port >> 8) & 255)
-    mem.write8(sa + 3, port & 255)
-    mem.write8(sa + 4, (packed_host >> 24) & 255)
-    mem.write8(sa + 5, (packed_host >> 16) & 255)
-    mem.write8(sa + 6, (packed_host >> 8) & 255)
-    mem.write8(sa + 7, packed_host & 255)
+    sa[0] = 2
+    sa[1] = 0
+    sa[2] = (port >> 8) & 255
+    sa[3] = port & 255
+    sa[4] = (packed_host >> 24) & 255
+    sa[5] = (packed_host >> 16) & 255
+    sa[6] = (packed_host >> 8) & 255
+    sa[7] = packed_host & 255
 
     if _builtin_syscall(SYS_bind, s, sa, 16) < 0
         _builtin_syscall(SYS_close, s)
@@ -640,13 +649,13 @@ func net.connect[host: str, port: i64] : i64
 
     let sa: ptr = mem.alloc(16)
     mem.zero(sa, 16)
-    mem.write8(sa + 0, 2)
-    mem.write8(sa + 2, (port >> 8) & 255)
-    mem.write8(sa + 3, port & 255)
-    mem.write8(sa + 4, ip_ptr[0])
-    mem.write8(sa + 5, ip_ptr[1])
-    mem.write8(sa + 6, ip_ptr[2])
-    mem.write8(sa + 7, ip_ptr[3])
+    sa[0] = 2
+    sa[2] = (port >> 8) & 255
+    sa[3] = port & 255
+    sa[4] = ip_ptr[0]
+    sa[5] = ip_ptr[1]
+    sa[6] = ip_ptr[2]
+    sa[7] = ip_ptr[3]
 
     if _builtin_syscall(SYS_connect, s, sa, 16) < 0
         mem.free(sa)

src/tokenizer.rs

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ pub enum TokenType {
     DoubleDot,
     ShiftLeft,
     ShiftRight,
+    Arrow,
 
     Equal,
     DoubleEqual,
@@ -155,10 +156,16 @@ impl Tokenizer {
             '+' => self.add_token(TokenType::Plus),
             '*' => self.add_token(TokenType::Star),
             ',' => self.add_token(TokenType::Comma),
-            '-' => self.add_token(TokenType::Minus),
             '%' => self.add_token(TokenType::Mod),
             '^' => self.add_token(TokenType::Xor),
             ':' => self.add_token(TokenType::Colon),
+            '-' => {
+                if self.match_char('>') {
+                    self.add_token(TokenType::Arrow)
+                } else {
+                    self.add_token(TokenType::Minus)
+                }
+            }
             '.' => {
                 if self.match_char('.') {
                     self.add_token(TokenType::DoubleDot)