syscalls.zr

README.md

@@ -5,23 +5,46 @@ A very cool language
 ## Features
 * Clean indentation-based syntax
 * Compiles to x86_64 Assembly
+* Pretty big [standard library](https://github.com/antpiasecki/zern/tree/main/src/std)
+* Produces tiny static executables (~30KB with musl)
+* ~~No libc required~~ (SOON; still used for memory allocation and DNS resolution)
 * Sometimes works
 * Has the pipe operator
 
 ## Syntax
 ```rust
-func main[] : I64
+func main[] : i64
-    let answer: I64 = math.abs(math.urandom()) % 100
+    let answer: i64 = math.abs(os.urandom_i64()) % 100
 
     while true
-        io.print("Guess a number: ")
+        io.println("Guess a number: ")
-        let guess: I64 = io.read_stdin() |> str.trim() |> str.parse_i64()
+        let guess: i64 = io.read_line() |> str.trim() |> str.parse_i64()
 
         if guess == answer
-            io.print("You win!")
+            io.println("You win!")
             break
         else if guess < answer
-            io.print("Too low!")
+            io.println("Too low!")
         else
-            io.print("Too high!")
+            io.println("Too high!")
+```
+
+```rust
+func square[x: i64] : i64
+    return x * x
+
+func sum[a: i64, b: i64] : i64
+    return a + b
+
+func main[] : i64
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13]
+    |> alg.map(^square)
+    |> alg.reduce(^sum, 0)
+    |> io.println_i64()
+```
+
+## Quickstart
+```
+cargo install --git https://github.com/antpiasecki/zern
+zern -m -r hello.zr
 ```

examples/brainfuck.zr

@@ -1,46 +1,46 @@
-func main[] : I64
+func main[] : i64
     // https://brainfuck.org/sierpinski.b
-    let src: String = "++++++++[>+>++++<<-]>++>>+<[-[>>+<<-]+>>]>+[-<<<[->[+[-]+>++>>>-<<]<[<]>>++++++[<<+++++>>-]+<<++.[-]<<]>.>+[>>]>+]"
+    let src: str = "++++++++[>+>++++<<-]>++>>+<[-[>>+<<-]+>>]>+[-<<<[->[+[-]+>++>>>-<<]<[<]>>++++++[<<+++++>>-]+<<++.[-]<<]>.>+[>>]>+]"
-    let src_len: I64 = str.len(src)
+    let src_len: i64 = str.len(src)
-    let i: I64 = 0
+    let i = 0
 
-    let memory: Ptr = mem.alloc(30000)
+    let memory: ptr = mem.alloc(30000)
     mem.zero(memory, 30000)
-    let p: I64 = 0
+    let p = 0
 
     while i < src_len
-        let op: U8 = str.nth(src, i)
+        let op: u8 = src[i]
 
         if op == '>'
             p = p + 1
         else if op == '<'
             p = p - 1
         else if op == '+'
-            str.set(memory, p, mem.read8(memory + p)+1)
+            str.set(memory, p, memory[p] + 1)
         else if op == '-'
-            str.set(memory, p, mem.read8(memory + p)-1)
+            str.set(memory, p, memory[p] - 1)
         else if op == '.'
-            c.printf("%c", mem.read8(memory + p))
+            io.print_char(memory[p])
         else if op == ','
-            str.set(memory, p, c.getchar())
+            str.set(memory, p, io.read_char())
         else if op == '['
-            if !mem.read8(memory + p)
+            if !memory[p]
                 i = i + 1
-                let opened: I64 = 0
+                let opened = 0
-                while i < src_len & !(str.nth(src, i) == ']' & !opened)
+                while i < src_len && !(src[i] == ']' && !opened)
-                    if str.nth(src, i) == '['
+                    if src[i] == '['
                         opened = opened + 1
-                    else if str.nth(src, i) == ']'
+                    else if src[i] == ']'
                         opened = opened - 1
                     i = i + 1
         else if op == ']'
-            if mem.read8(memory + p)
+            if memory[p]
                 i = i - 1
-                let closed: I64 = 0
+                let closed = 0
-                while i >= 0 & !(str.nth(src, i) == '[' & !closed)
+                while i >= 0 && !(src[i] == '[' && !closed)
-                    if str.nth(src, i) == ']'
+                    if src[i] == ']'
                         closed = closed + 1
-                    else if str.nth(src, i) == '['
+                    else if src[i] == '['
                         closed = closed - 1
                     i = i - 1
 

examples/crypto.zr

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+func main[] : i64
+    // Blake2b
+    let out: ptr = crypto.blake2b.hash(32, 0, 0, "Hello, World!", 13)
+    io.print("Blake2b-256: ")
+    io.println(str.hex_encode(out, 32))
+
+    io.print("Blake2b-512: ")
+    out = crypto.blake2b.hash(64, 0, 0, "Hello, World!", 13)
+    io.println(str.hex_encode(out, 64))
+
+    // XChaCha20
+    let key: ptr = str.hex_decode("000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f")
+    let nonce: ptr = str.hex_decode("000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f1011121314151617")
+
+    let input: str = "Hello, World!"
+    let input_len: i64 = str.len(input)
+
+    let ciphertext: ptr = crypto.xchacha20.xor(key, nonce, input, input_len)
+    io.println(str.hex_encode(ciphertext, input_len))
+
+    // X25519
+    let scalar: ptr = str.hex_decode("a546e36bf0527c9d3b16154b82465edd62144c0ac1fc5a18506a2244ba449ac4")
+    let point: ptr = str.hex_decode("e6db6867583030db3594c1a424b15f7c726624ec26b3353b10a903a6d0ab1c4c")
+    let expected: ptr = str.hex_decode("c3da55379de9c6908e94ea4df28d084f32eccf03491c71f754b4075577a28552")
+
+    out = crypto.x25519.scalarmult(scalar, point)
+
+    io.print("Computed: ")
+    io.println(str.hex_encode(out, 32))
+    io.print("Expected: ")
+    io.println(str.hex_encode(expected, 32))
+
+    let base_point: ptr = mem.alloc(32)
+    mem.zero(base_point, 32)
+    mem.write8(base_point, 9)
+
+    let alice_private: ptr = str.hex_decode("77076d0a7318a57d3c16c17251b26645df4c2f87ebc0992ab177fba51db92c2a")
+    io.print("A_priv: ")
+    io.println(str.hex_encode(alice_private, 32))
+
+    let alice_public: ptr = crypto.x25519.scalarmult(alice_private, base_point)
+    io.print("A_pub: ")
+    io.println(str.hex_encode(alice_public, 32))
+
+    let bob_private: ptr = str.hex_decode("5dab087e624a8a4b79e17f8b83800ee66f3bb1292618b6dbddb79b1732920165")
+    io.print("B_priv: ")
+    io.println(str.hex_encode(bob_private, 32))
+
+    let bob_public: ptr = crypto.x25519.scalarmult(bob_private, base_point)
+    io.print("B_pub: ")
+    io.println(str.hex_encode(bob_public, 32))
+
+    let alice_shared: ptr = crypto.x25519.scalarmult(alice_private, bob_public)
+    io.print("A_shared: ")
+    io.println(str.hex_encode(alice_shared, 32))
+
+    let bob_shared: ptr = crypto.x25519.scalarmult(bob_private, alice_public)
+    io.print("B_shared: ")
+    io.println(str.hex_encode(bob_shared, 32))

examples/curl.zr

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-func main[argc: I64, argv: Ptr] : I64
+func main[argc: i64, argv: ptr] : i64
     if argc < 2
         dbg.panic("url missing")
 
-    let url: String = mem.read64(argv + 8)
+    let url: str = mem.read64(argv + 8)
 
     if str.len(url) <= 7
         dbg.panic("missing url scheme")
@@ -10,41 +10,45 @@ func main[argc: I64, argv: Ptr] : I64
     if !str.equal(str.substr(url, 0, 7), "http://")
         dbg.panic("invalid url scheme")
     
-    let url_len: I64 = str.len(url)
+    let url_len: i64 = str.len(url)
-    let host_start: I64 = 7
+    let host_start = 7
-    let i: I64 = host_start
+    let i: i64 = host_start
     while i < url_len
-        if str.nth(url, i) == '/'
+        if url[i] == '/'
             break
         i = i + 1
 
-    let host: String = str.substr(url, host_start, i - host_start)
+    let host: str = str.substr(url, host_start, i - host_start)
-    let path: String = "/"
+    let path: str = "/"
     if i < url_len
         path = str.substr(url, i, url_len - i)
 
-    let s: I64 = net.connect(host, 80)
+    let s: i64 = net.connect(host, 80)
     if s < 0
         dbg.panic("failed to connect")
 
-    let req: String = mem.alloc(2048)
+    // very leaky
-    c.snprintf(req, 2048, "GET %s HTTP/1.0\r\nHost: %s\r\nConnection: close\r\n\r\n", path, host)
+    let req: str = "GET "
-    c.send(s, req, str.len(req), 0)
+    req = str.concat(req, path)
+    req = str.concat(req, " HTTP/1.0\r\nHost: ")
+    req = str.concat(req, host)
+    req = str.concat(req, "\r\nConnection: close\r\n\r\n")
+    net.send(s, req, str.len(req))
     mem.free(req)
 
-    let header_buf: String = mem.alloc(8192)
+    let header_buf: str = mem.alloc(8192)
-    let header_size: I64 = 0
+    let header_size = 0
-    let found: Bool = false
+    let found: bool = false
-    let end_index: I64 = -1
+    let end_index: i64 = -1
 
-    while !found & header_size < 8192
+    while !found && header_size < 8192
-        let n: I64 = c.read(s, header_buf + header_size, 8192 - header_size)
+        let n: i64 = net.read(s, header_buf + header_size, 8192 - header_size)
         if n <= 0
             break
-        let current_size: I64 = header_size + n
+        let current_size: i64 = header_size + n
         i = 0
         while i <= current_size - 4
-            if str.nth(header_buf, i) == 13 & str.nth(header_buf, i+1) == 10 & str.nth(header_buf, i+2) == 13 & str.nth(header_buf, i+3) == 10
+            if header_buf[i] == 13 && header_buf[i + 1] == 10 && header_buf[i + 2] == 13 && header_buf[i + 3] == 10
                 found = true
                 end_index = i + 4
                 break
@@ -52,15 +56,15 @@ func main[argc: I64, argv: Ptr] : I64
         header_size = current_size
 
     if end_index < header_size
-        c.write(1, header_buf + end_index, header_size - end_index)
+        io.print_sized(header_buf + end_index, header_size - end_index)
     mem.free(header_buf)
 
-    let buffer: Ptr = mem.alloc(4096)
+    let buffer: ptr = mem.alloc(4096)
     while true
-        let n: I64 = c.read(s, buffer, 4096)
+        let n: i64 = net.read(s, buffer, 4096)
         if n <= 0
             break
-        c.write(1, buffer, n)
+        io.print_sized(buffer, n)
     mem.free(buffer)
 
-    c.close(s)
+    net.close(s)

examples/euler1.zr

@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-func main[] : I64
-    let sum: I64 = 0
-
-    for i in 0..1000
-        if i % 5 == 0 | i % 3 == 0
-            sum = sum + i
-    io.print_i64(sum)

examples/euler15.zr

@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-func main[] : I64
-    let n: I64 = 40
-    let r: I64 = 20
-    let out: I64 = 1
-
-    for i in 1..r+1
-        out = out * (n - (r - i)) / i
-
-    io.print_i64(out)

examples/euler2.zr

@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-func main[] : I64
-    let sum: I64 = 0
-    let a: I64 = 0
-    let b: I64 = 1
-
-    while a < 4000000
-        if a % 2 == 0
-            sum = sum + a
-        let temp: I64 = b
-        b = a + b
-        a = temp
-
-    io.print_i64(sum)

examples/euler5.zr

@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-func main[] : I64
-    let out: I64 = 1
-
-    for i in 1..21
-        out = math.lcm(out, i)
-    io.print_i64(out)

examples/euler8.zr

@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-func main[] : I64
-    let n: String = "7316717653133062491922511967442657474235534919493496983520312774506326239578318016984801869478851843858615607891129494954595017379583319528532088055111254069874715852386305071569329096329522744304355766896648950445244523161731856403098711121722383113622298934233803081353362766142828064444866452387493035890729629049156044077239071381051585930796086670172427121883998797908792274921901699720888093776657273330010533678812202354218097512545405947522435258490771167055601360483958644670632441572215539753697817977846174064955149290862569321978468622482839722413756570560574902614079729686524145351004748216637048440319989000889524345065854122758866688116427171479924442928230863465674813919123162824586178664583591245665294765456828489128831426076900422421902267105562632111110937054421750694165896040807198403850962455444362981230987879927244284909188845801561660979191338754992005240636899125607176060588611646710940507754100225698315520005593572972571636269561882670428252483600823257530420752963450"
-
-    let out: I64 = 0
-    let max: I64 = str.len(n) - 13
-    for i in 0..max
-        let s: I64 = 1
-        let j: I64 = 0
-        while j < 13
-            s = s * (str.nth(n, i + j) - '0')
-            j = j + 1
-        if s > out
-            out = s
-    io.print_i64(out)

examples/fib.zr

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-func main[] : I64
+func main[] : i64
-    let a: I64 = 0
+    let a = 0
-    let b: I64 = 1
+    let b = 1
 
     while a < 100000
-        io.print_i64(a)
+        io.println_i64(a)
-        let temp: I64 = b
+        let temp: i64 = b
         b = a + b
         a = temp

examples/fizzbuzz.zr

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+func main[] : i64
+    for i in 1..40
+        if i % 15 == 0
+            io.println("FizzBuzz")
+        else if i % 5 == 0
+            io.println("Buzz")
+        else if i % 3 == 0
+            io.println("Fizz")
+        else
+            io.println_i64(i)

examples/functional.zr

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+func square[x: i64] : i64
+    return x * x
+
+func sum[a: i64, b: i64] : i64
+    return a + b
+
+func main[] : i64
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13]
+    |> alg.map(^square)
+    |> alg.reduce(^sum, 0)
+    |> io.println_i64()

examples/guess_number.zr

@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
-func main[] : I64
+func main[] : i64
-    let answer: I64 = math.abs(math.urandom()) % 100
+    let answer: i64 = math.abs(os.urandom_i64()) % 100
 
     while true
-        io.print("Guess a number: ")
+        io.println("Guess a number: ")
-        let guess: I64 = io.read_stdin() |> str.trim() |> str.parse_i64()
+        let guess: i64 = io.read_line() |> str.trim() |> str.parse_i64()
 
         if guess == answer
-            io.print("You win!")
+            io.println("You win!")
             break
         else if guess < answer
-            io.print("Too low!")
+            io.println("Too low!")
         else
-            io.print("Too high!")
+            io.println("Too high!")

examples/hello.zr

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-func main[] : I64
+func main[] : i64
-    io.print("Hello, World!")
+    io.println("Hello, World!")

examples/puzzles/aoc2024_01.zr

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+func part1[l1: array, l2: array] : void
+    let out = 0
+    
+    for i in 0..array.size(l1)
+        out = out + math.abs(array.nth(l1, i) - array.nth(l2, i))
+
+    io.println_i64(out)
+
+func part2[l1: array, l2: array] : void
+    let out = 0
+
+    for i in 0..array.size(l1)
+        out = out + array.nth(l1, i) * alg.count(l2, array.nth(l1, i))
+
+    io.println_i64(out)
+
+func main[] : i64
+    let lines: array = io.read_file("input.txt") |> str.split("\n")
+
+    let l1: array = []
+    let l2: array = []
+
+    for i in 0..array.size(lines)
+        let line: str = array.nth(lines, i)
+        
+        let parts: array = str.split(line, "   ")
+
+        array.push(l1, str.parse_i64(array.nth(parts, 0)))
+        array.push(l2, str.parse_i64(array.nth(parts, 1)))
+
+    alg.quicksort(l1)
+    alg.quicksort(l2)
+
+    part1(l1, l2)
+    part2(l1, l2)

examples/puzzles/aoc2024_02.zr

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+func check[report: array] : bool
+    let increasing: bool = array.nth(report, 0) < array.nth(report, 1)
+
+    for i in 0..array.size(report)-1
+        if array.nth(report, i) > array.nth(report, i + 1) && increasing
+            return false
+        if array.nth(report, i) < array.nth(report, i + 1) && !increasing
+            return false
+
+        let diff: i64 = math.abs(array.nth(report, i) - array.nth(report, i + 1))
+        if diff < 1 || diff > 3
+            return false
+
+    return true
+
+func part1[data: array] : void
+    let out = 0
+
+    for i in 0..array.size(data)
+        if check(array.nth(data, i))
+            out = out + 1
+
+    io.println_i64(out)
+
+func part2[data: array] : void
+    let out = 0
+
+    for i in 0..array.size(data)
+        if check(array.nth(data, i))
+            out = out + 1
+        else
+            for j in 0..array.size(array.nth(data, i))
+                let sliced: array = array.concat(array.slice(array.nth(data, i), 0, j), array.slice(array.nth(data, i), j + 1, array.size(array.nth(data, i)) - (j + 1)))
+                
+                if check(sliced)
+                    out = out + 1
+                    break
+
+    io.println_i64(out)
+
+func main[] : i64
+    let lines: array = io.read_file("input.txt") |> str.split("\n")
+
+    let data: array = []
+    for i in 0..array.size(lines)
+        let line: str = array.nth(lines, i)
+
+        let report: array = str.split(line, " ")
+        for i in 0..array.size(report)
+            array.set(report, i, str.parse_i64(array.nth(report, i)))
+        array.push(data, report)
+
+    part1(data)
+    part2(data)

examples/puzzles/aoc2024_04.zr

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+func check[lines: array, x: i64, y: i64, dx: i64, dy: i64] : bool
+    if x + dx * 3 < 0 || x + dx * 3 >= array.size(lines) || y + dy * 3 < 0 || y + dy * 3 >= str.len(array.nth(lines, 0))
+        return false
+    
+    if array.nth(lines, x)[y] != 'X'
+        return false
+    if array.nth(lines, x + dx)[y + dy] != 'M'
+        return false
+    if array.nth(lines, x + dx * 2)[y + dy * 2] != 'A'
+        return false
+    if array.nth(lines, x + dx * 3)[y + dy * 3] != 'S'
+        return false
+    
+    return true
+
+func part1[lines: array] : void
+    let out = 0
+
+    for x in 0..array.size(lines)
+        for y in 0..str.len(array.nth(lines, x))
+            if check(lines, x, y, 0, 1)
+                out = out + 1
+            if check(lines, x, y, 0, -1)
+                out = out + 1
+            if check(lines, x, y, 1, 0)
+                out = out + 1
+            if check(lines, x, y, -1, 0)
+                out = out + 1
+            if check(lines, x, y, 1, 1)
+                out = out + 1
+            if check(lines, x, y, -1, -1)
+                out = out + 1
+            if check(lines, x, y, 1, -1)
+                out = out + 1
+            if check(lines, x, y, -1, 1)
+                out = out + 1
+
+    io.println_i64(out)
+
+func part2[lines: array] : void
+    let out = 0
+
+    for x in 1..array.size(lines)-1
+        for y in 1..str.len(array.nth(lines, x))-1
+            if array.nth(lines, x)[y] == 'A'
+                let s: str = mem.alloc(5)
+                str.set(s, 0, array.nth(lines, x - 1)[y - 1])
+                str.set(s, 1, array.nth(lines, x + 1)[y - 1])
+                str.set(s, 2, array.nth(lines, x + 1)[y + 1])
+                str.set(s, 3, array.nth(lines, x - 1)[y + 1])
+                str.set(s, 4, 0)
+
+                if str.equal(s, "MSSM") || str.equal(s, "SMMS") || str.equal(s, "MMSS") || str.equal(s, "SSMM")
+                    out = out + 1
+
+    io.println_i64(out)
+
+func main[] : i64
+    let lines: array = io.read_file("input.txt") |> str.split("\n")
+
+    part1(lines)
+    part2(lines)

examples/puzzles/aoc2024_05.zr

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+func rule_exists[rules_left: array, rules_right: array, a: i64, b: i64] : bool
+    for k in 0..array.size(rules_left)
+        if array.nth(rules_left, k) == a && array.nth(rules_right, k) == b
+            return true
+    return false
+
+func check[update: array, rules_left: array, rules_right: array] : bool
+    for i in 0..array.size(update)
+        for j in 0..i
+            if rule_exists(rules_left, rules_right, array.nth(update, i), array.nth(update, j))
+                return false
+    return true
+
+func sort_by_rules[update: array, rules_left: array, rules_right: array] : void
+    let swapped: bool = true
+
+    while swapped
+        swapped = false
+        for i in 0..array.size(update)-1
+            let a: i64 = array.nth(update, i)
+            let b: i64 = array.nth(update, i+1)
+            if rule_exists(rules_left, rules_right, b, a)
+                let tmp: i64 = a
+                array.set(update, i, b)
+                array.set(update, i+1, tmp)
+                swapped = true
+
+func part1[updates: array, rules_left: array, rules_right: array] : void
+    let out = 0
+
+    for i in 0..array.size(updates)
+        let update: array = array.nth(updates, i)
+        if check(update, rules_left, rules_right)
+            out = out + array.nth(update, array.size(update) / 2)
+
+    io.println_i64(out)
+
+func part2[updates: array, rules_left: array, rules_right: array] : void
+    let out = 0
+
+    for i in 0..array.size(updates)
+        let update: array = array.nth(updates, i)
+        if !check(update, rules_left, rules_right)
+            sort_by_rules(update, rules_left, rules_right)
+            out = out + array.nth(update, array.size(update) / 2)
+
+    io.println_i64(out)
+
+func main[] : i64
+    let data: array = io.read_file("input.txt") |> str.split("\n\n")
+
+    let rules_left: array = []
+    let rules_right: array = []
+    let rules_lines: array = str.split(array.nth(data, 0), "\n")
+    for i in 0..array.size(rules_lines)
+        let line: str = array.nth(rules_lines, i)
+        let parts: array = str.split(line, "|")
+
+        array.push(rules_left, str.parse_i64(array.nth(parts, 0)))
+        array.push(rules_right, str.parse_i64(array.nth(parts, 1)))
+
+    let updates: array = []
+    let updates_lines: array = str.split(array.nth(data, 1), "\n")
+    for i in 0..array.size(updates_lines)
+        let line: str = array.nth(updates_lines, i)
+        let xs: array = str.split(line, ",")
+
+        for i in 0..array.size(xs)
+            array.set(xs, i, str.parse_i64(array.nth(xs, i)))
+        array.push(updates, xs)
+
+    part1(updates, rules_left, rules_right)
+    part2(updates, rules_left, rules_right)

examples/puzzles/aoc2024_07.zr

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+func concat[a: i64, b: i64] : i64
+    let a_str: str = str.from_i64(a)
+    let b_str: str = str.from_i64(b)
+    let ab_str: str = str.concat(a_str, b_str)
+    let out: i64 = str.parse_i64(ab_str)
+    // without freeing the program works but leaks 2GB of memory :p
+    mem.free(a_str)
+    mem.free(b_str)
+    mem.free(ab_str)
+    return out
+
+func solve[ops: array, e: array] : i64
+    let n: i64 = array.size(array.nth(e, 1)) - 1
+    let indices: array = []
+    for i in 0..n
+        array.push(indices, 0)
+
+    while true
+        let res: i64 = array.nth(array.nth(e, 1), 0)
+        for i in 0..n
+            let op: str = array.nth(ops, array.nth(indices, i))
+
+            if str.equal(op, "add")
+                res = res + array.nth(array.nth(e, 1), i + 1)
+            else if str.equal(op, "mul")
+                res = res * array.nth(array.nth(e, 1), i + 1)
+            else if str.equal(op, "concat")
+                res = concat(res, array.nth(array.nth(e, 1), i + 1))
+        if res == array.nth(e, 0)
+            return res
+
+        let done: bool = true
+        let i: i64 = n - 1
+
+        while i >= 0
+            array.set(indices, i, array.nth(indices, i) + 1)
+            if array.nth(indices, i) < array.size(ops)
+                done = false
+                break
+            array.set(indices, i, 0)
+            i = i - 1
+        
+        if done
+            return 0
+
+func part1[equations: array] : void
+    let out = 0
+
+    for i in 0..array.size(equations)
+        out = out + solve(["add", "mul"], array.nth(equations, i))
+
+    io.println_i64(out)
+
+func part2[equations: array] : void
+    let out = 0
+
+    for i in 0..array.size(equations)
+        out = out + solve(["add", "mul", "concat"], array.nth(equations, i))
+
+    io.println_i64(out)
+
+func main[] : i64
+    let lines: array = io.read_file("input.txt") |> str.split("\n")
+    let equations: array = []
+
+    for i in 0..array.size(lines)
+        let line: str = array.nth(lines, i)
+        let parts: array = str.split(line, ": ")
+
+        let xs: array = str.split(array.nth(parts, 1), " ")
+        for j in 0..array.size(xs)
+            array.set(xs, j, str.parse_i64(array.nth(xs, j)))
+
+        array.push(equations, [str.parse_i64(array.nth(parts, 0)), xs])
+
+    part1(equations)
+    part2(equations)

examples/puzzles/aoc2025_01.zr

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+func part1[lines: array] : void
+    let password = 0
+    let dial = 50
+
+    for i in 0..array.size(lines)
+        let line: str = array.nth(lines, i)
+        let dir: u8 = line[0]
+        let n: i64 = str.substr(line, 1, str.len(line) - 1) |> str.parse_i64()
+
+        if dir == 'L'
+            dial = dial - n
+            while dial < 0
+                dial = 100 + dial
+        else
+            dial = dial + n
+            while dial >= 100
+                dial = dial - 100
+
+        if dial == 0
+            password = password + 1
+    
+    io.println_i64(password)
+
+func part2[lines: array] : void
+    let password = 0
+    let dial = 50
+
+    for i in 0..array.size(lines)
+        let line: str = array.nth(lines, i)
+        let dir: u8 = line[0]
+        let n: i64 = str.substr(line, 1, str.len(line) - 1) |> str.parse_i64()
+
+        if dir == 'L'
+            for i in 0..n
+                dial = dial - 1
+                if dial == 0
+                    password = password + 1
+                if dial == -1
+                    dial = 99
+        else
+            for i in 0..n
+                dial = dial + 1
+                if dial == 100
+                    dial = 0
+                    password = password + 1
+    
+    io.println_i64(password)
+
+func main[] : i64
+    let lines: array = io.read_file("input.txt") |> str.split("\n")
+
+    part1(lines)
+    part2(lines)

examples/puzzles/aoc2025_02.zr

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+func part1_is_invalid_id[s: str] : bool
+    let len: i64 = str.len(s)
+    if len % 2 != 0
+        return false
+
+    let first: str = str.substr(s, 0, len / 2)
+    let second: str = str.substr(s, len / 2, len / 2)
+
+    return str.equal(first, second)
+
+func part1[ranges: array] : void
+    let sum = 0
+
+    for i in 0..array.size(ranges)
+        let parts: array = array.nth(ranges, i) |> str.split("-")
+        let start: i64 = array.nth(parts, 0) |> str.parse_i64()
+        let end: i64 = array.nth(parts, 1) |> str.parse_i64()
+
+        for n in (start)..end+1
+            if part1_is_invalid_id(str.from_i64(n))
+                sum = sum + n
+    
+    io.println_i64(sum)
+
+// had to cheat this one
+func part2_is_invalid_id[s: str] : bool
+    let len: i64 = str.len(s)
+    if len < 2
+        return false
+    for div in 1..(len / 2 + 1)
+        if len % div == 0
+            let u: str = str.substr(s, 0, div)
+            let is_repeat: bool = true
+            for k in 1..(len / div)
+                let segment: str = str.substr(s, k * div, div)
+                if !str.equal(segment, u)
+                    is_repeat = false
+            if is_repeat
+                return true
+    return false
+
+func part2[ranges: array] : void
+    let sum = 0
+
+    for i in 0..array.size(ranges)
+        let parts: array = array.nth(ranges, i) |> str.split("-")
+        let start: i64 = array.nth(parts, 0) |> str.parse_i64()
+        let end: i64 = array.nth(parts, 1) |> str.parse_i64()
+
+        for n in (start)..end+1
+            if part2_is_invalid_id(str.from_i64(n))
+                sum = sum + n
+    
+    io.println_i64(sum)
+
+func main[] : i64
+    let ranges: array = io.read_file("input.txt") |> str.split(",")
+
+    part1(ranges)
+    part2(ranges)

examples/puzzles/aoc2025_03.zr

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+func part1[lines: array] : void
+    let sum = 0
+
+    for i in 0..array.size(lines)
+        let line: str = array.nth(lines, i)
+
+        let largest = 0
+        for j in 0..str.len(line)
+            for k in (j+1)..str.len(line)
+                let s: str = mem.alloc(3)
+                str.set(s, 0, line[j])
+                str.set(s, 1, line[k])
+                str.set(s, 2, 0)
+                let n: i64 = str.parse_i64(s)
+                if n > largest
+                    largest = n
+
+        sum = sum + largest
+    io.println_i64(sum)
+
+// had to cheat this one
+func part2_rec[bank: str, start: i64, remaining: i64] : i64
+    let largest = 0
+    let largest_idx: i64 = start
+    let len: i64 = str.len(bank)
+
+    for i in (start)..(len-remaining+1)
+        let v: i64 = bank[i] - '0'
+        if v > largest
+            largest = v
+            largest_idx = i
+
+    if remaining > 1
+        return largest * math.pow(10, remaining - 1) + part2_rec(bank, largest_idx + 1, remaining - 1)
+    else
+        return largest
+
+func part2[lines: array] : void
+    let sum = 0
+
+    for i in 0..array.size(lines)
+        let line: str = array.nth(lines, i)
+
+        sum = sum + part2_rec(line, 0, 12)
+    io.println_i64(sum)
+
+func main[] : i64
+    let lines: array = io.read_file("input.txt") |> str.split("\n")
+
+    part1(lines)
+    part2(lines)

examples/puzzles/euler_00.zr

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+func main[] : i64
+    let sum = 0
+
+    for i in 0..266000
+        if i % 2 != 0
+            sum = sum + i * i
+    
+    io.println_i64(sum)

examples/puzzles/euler_01.zr

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+func main[] : i64
+    let sum = 0
+
+    for i in 0..1000
+        if i % 5 == 0 || i % 3 == 0
+            sum = sum + i
+    io.println_i64(sum)

examples/puzzles/euler_02.zr

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+func main[] : i64
+    let sum = 0
+    let a = 0
+    let b = 1
+
+    while a < 4000000
+        if a % 2 == 0
+            sum = sum + a
+        let temp: i64 = b
+        b = a + b
+        a = temp
+
+    io.println_i64(sum)

examples/puzzles/euler_03.zr

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-func main[] : I64
+func main[] : i64
-    let n: I64 = 600851475143
+    let n = 600851475143
-    let f: I64 = 2
+    let f = 2
 
     while f * f <= n
         if n % f == 0
@@ -8,4 +8,4 @@ func main[] : I64
         else
             f = f + 1
 
-    io.print_i64(n)
+    io.println_i64(n)

examples/puzzles/euler_04.zr

@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-func main[] : I64
+func main[] : i64
-    let out: I64 = 0
+    let out = 0
 
     for a in 500..1000
         for b in 500..1000
             if a * b > out
-                let s: String = str.from_i64(a * b)
+                let s: str = str.from_i64(a * b)
-                let s_rev: String = str.reverse(s)
+                let s_rev: str = str.reverse(s)
                 if str.equal(s, s_rev)
                     out = a * b
                 mem.free(s)
                 mem.free(s_rev)
-    io.print_i64(out)
+    io.println_i64(out)

examples/puzzles/euler_05.zr

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+func main[] : i64
+    let out = 1
+
+    for i in 1..21
+        out = math.lcm(out, i)
+    io.println_i64(out)

examples/puzzles/euler_06.zr

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-func main[] : I64
+func main[] : i64
-    let sum_of_squares: I64 = 0
+    let sum_of_squares = 0
     for i in 1..101
         sum_of_squares = sum_of_squares + i * i
 
-    let square_of_sum: I64 = 0
+    let square_of_sum = 0
     for i in 1..101
         square_of_sum = square_of_sum + i
     square_of_sum = square_of_sum * square_of_sum
 
-    io.print_i64(square_of_sum - sum_of_squares)
+    io.println_i64(square_of_sum - sum_of_squares)

examples/puzzles/euler_07.zr

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-func main[] : I64
+func main[] : i64
-    let found: I64 = 0
+    let found = 0
 
-    let i: I64 = 1
+    let i = 1
     while true
         if math.is_prime(i)
             found = found + 1
             if found == 10001
-                io.print_i64(i)
+                io.println_i64(i)
                 break
         i = i + 1

examples/puzzles/euler_08.zr

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+func main[] : i64
+    let n: str = "7316717653133062491922511967442657474235534919493496983520312774506326239578318016984801869478851843858615607891129494954595017379583319528532088055111254069874715852386305071569329096329522744304355766896648950445244523161731856403098711121722383113622298934233803081353362766142828064444866452387493035890729629049156044077239071381051585930796086670172427121883998797908792274921901699720888093776657273330010533678812202354218097512545405947522435258490771167055601360483958644670632441572215539753697817977846174064955149290862569321978468622482839722413756570560574902614079729686524145351004748216637048440319989000889524345065854122758866688116427171479924442928230863465674813919123162824586178664583591245665294765456828489128831426076900422421902267105562632111110937054421750694165896040807198403850962455444362981230987879927244284909188845801561660979191338754992005240636899125607176060588611646710940507754100225698315520005593572972571636269561882670428252483600823257530420752963450"
+
+    let out = 0
+    let max: i64 = str.len(n) - 13
+    for i in 0..max
+        let s = 1
+        let j = 0
+        while j < 13
+            s = s * (n[i + j] - '0')
+            j = j + 1
+        if s > out
+            out = s
+    io.println_i64(out)

examples/puzzles/euler_09.zr

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-func main[] : I64
+func main[] : i64
     for a in 1..1000
         for b in 1..1000
-            let c: I64 = 1000 - b - a
+            let c: i64 = 1000 - b - a
             if a * a + b * b == c * c
-                io.print_i64(a * b * c)
+                io.println_i64(a * b * c)
                 return 0

examples/puzzles/euler_10.zr

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-func main[] : I64
+func main[] : i64
-    let sum: I64 = 0
+    let sum = 0
 
     for i in 0..2000000
         if math.is_prime(i)
             sum = sum + i
-    io.print_i64(sum)
+    io.println_i64(sum)

examples/puzzles/euler_11.zr

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+func main[] : i64
+    let N = 20
+
+    let grid: array = []
+    array.push(grid, [8, 2, 22, 97, 38, 15, 0, 40, 0, 75, 4, 5, 7, 78, 52, 12, 50, 77, 91, 8])
+    array.push(grid, [49, 49, 99, 40, 17, 81, 18, 57, 60, 87, 17, 40, 98, 43, 69, 48, 4, 56, 62, 0])
+    array.push(grid, [81, 49, 31, 73, 55, 79, 14, 29, 93, 71, 40, 67, 53, 88, 30, 3, 49, 13, 36, 65])
+    array.push(grid, [52, 70, 95, 23, 4, 60, 11, 42, 69, 24, 68, 56, 1, 32, 56, 71, 37, 2, 36, 91])
+    array.push(grid, [22, 31, 16, 71, 51, 67, 63, 89, 41, 92, 36, 54, 22, 40, 40, 28, 66, 33, 13, 80])
+    array.push(grid, [24, 47, 32, 60, 99, 3, 45, 2, 44, 75, 33, 53, 78, 36, 84, 20, 35, 17, 12, 50])
+    array.push(grid, [32, 98, 81, 28, 64, 23, 67, 10, 26, 38, 40, 67, 59, 54, 70, 66, 18, 38, 64, 70])
+    array.push(grid, [67, 26, 20, 68, 2, 62, 12, 20, 95, 63, 94, 39, 63, 8, 40, 91, 66, 49, 94, 21])
+    array.push(grid, [24, 55, 58, 5, 66, 73, 99, 26, 97, 17, 78, 78, 96, 83, 14, 88, 34, 89, 63, 72])
+    array.push(grid, [21, 36, 23, 9, 75, 0, 76, 44, 20, 45, 35, 14, 0, 61, 33, 97, 34, 31, 33, 95])
+    array.push(grid, [78, 17, 53, 28, 22, 75, 31, 67, 15, 94, 3, 80, 4, 62, 16, 14, 9, 53, 56, 92])
+    array.push(grid, [16, 39, 5, 42, 96, 35, 31, 47, 55, 58, 88, 24, 0, 17, 54, 24, 36, 29, 85, 57])
+    array.push(grid, [86, 56, 0, 48, 35, 71, 89, 7, 5, 44, 44, 37, 44, 60, 21, 58, 51, 54, 17, 58])
+    array.push(grid, [19, 80, 81, 68, 5, 94, 47, 69, 28, 73, 92, 13, 86, 52, 17, 77, 4, 89, 55, 40])
+    array.push(grid, [4, 52, 8, 83, 97, 35, 99, 16, 7, 97, 57, 32, 16, 26, 26, 79, 33, 27, 98, 66])
+    array.push(grid, [88, 36, 68, 87, 57, 62, 20, 72, 3, 46, 33, 67, 46, 55, 12, 32, 63, 93, 53, 69])
+    array.push(grid, [4, 42, 16, 73, 38, 25, 39, 11, 24, 94, 72, 18, 8, 46, 29, 32, 40, 62, 76, 36])
+    array.push(grid, [20, 69, 36, 41, 72, 30, 23, 88, 34, 62, 99, 69, 82, 67, 59, 85, 74, 4, 36, 16])
+    array.push(grid, [20, 73, 35, 29, 78, 31, 90, 1, 74, 31, 49, 71, 48, 86, 81, 16, 23, 57, 5, 54])
+    array.push(grid, [1, 70, 54, 71, 83, 51, 54, 69, 16, 92, 33, 48, 61, 43, 52, 1, 89, 19, 67, 48])
+
+    let out = 0
+
+    for i in 0..N-3
+        for j in 0..N-3
+            let h: i64 = array.nth(array.nth(grid, i), j) * array.nth(array.nth(grid, i), j+1) * array.nth(array.nth(grid, i), j+2) * array.nth(array.nth(grid, i), j+3)
+            let v: i64 = array.nth(array.nth(grid, j), i) * array.nth(array.nth(grid, j+1), i) * array.nth(array.nth(grid, j+2), i) * array.nth(array.nth(grid, j+3), i)
+            let d1: i64 = array.nth(array.nth(grid, i), j) * array.nth(array.nth(grid, i+1), j+1) * array.nth(array.nth(grid, i+2), j+2) * array.nth(array.nth(grid, i+3), j+3)
+            let d2: i64 = array.nth(array.nth(grid, i), N-j-1) * array.nth(array.nth(grid, i+1), N-j-2) * array.nth(array.nth(grid, i+2), N-j-3) * array.nth(array.nth(grid, i+3), N-j-4)
+            out = math.max(out, math.max(h, math.max(v, math.max(d1, d2))))
+
+    io.println_i64(out)

examples/puzzles/euler_12.zr

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-func num_divisors[n: I64] : I64
+func num_divisors[n: i64] : i64
-    let end: I64 = math.isqrt(n)
+    let end: i64 = math.isqrt(n)
 
-    let out: I64 = 0
+    let out = 0
     for i in 1..end+1
         if n % i == 0
             out = out + 2
@@ -10,12 +10,12 @@ func num_divisors[n: I64] : I64
         out = out - 1
     return out
 
-func main[] : I64
+func main[] : i64
-    let n: I64 = 0
+    let n = 0
-    let i: I64 = 1
+    let i = 1
     while true
         n = n + i
         if num_divisors(n) > 500
-            io.print_i64(n)
+            io.println_i64(n)
             break
         i = i + 1

examples/puzzles/euler_13.zr

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-func main[] : I64
+func main[] : i64
     // leaks a bit of memory but looks very cool
     37107287533 + 46376937677 + 74324986199 + 91942213363 + 23067588207 + 89261670696 + 28112879812 + 44274228917 + 47451445736 + 70386486105 + 62176457141 + 64906352462 + 92575867718 + 58203565325 + 80181199384 + 35398664372 + 86515506006 + 71693888707 + 54370070576 + 53282654108 + 36123272525 + 45876576172 + 17423706905 + 81142660418 + 51934325451 + 62467221648 + 15732444386 + 55037687525 + 18336384825 + 80386287592 + 78182833757 + 16726320100 + 48403098129 + 87086987551 + 59959406895 + 69793950679 + 41052684708 + 65378607361 + 35829035317 + 94953759765 + 88902802571 + 25267680276 + 36270218540 + 24074486908 + 91430288197 + 34413065578 + 23053081172 + 11487696932 + 63783299490 + 67720186971 + 95548255300 + 76085327132 + 37774242535 + 23701913275 + 29798860272 + 18495701454 + 38298203783 + 34829543829 + 40957953066 + 29746152185 + 41698116222 + 62467957194 + 23189706772 + 86188088225 + 11306739708 + 82959174767 + 97623331044 + 42846280183 + 55121603546 + 32238195734 + 75506164965 + 62177842752 + 32924185707 + 99518671430 + 73267460800 + 76841822524 + 97142617910 + 87783646182 + 10848802521 + 71329612474 + 62184073572 + 66627891981 + 60661826293 + 85786944089 + 66024396409 + 64913982680 + 16730939319 + 94809377245 + 78639167021 + 15368713711 + 40789923115 + 44889911501 + 41503128880 + 81234880673 + 82616570773 + 22918802058 + 77158542502 + 72107838435 + 20849603980 + 53503534226
     |> str.from_i64()
     |> str.substr(0, 10)
-    |> io.print()
+    |> io.println()

examples/puzzles/euler_14.zr

@@ -1,22 +1,22 @@
-func collatz_num[n: I64] : I64
+func collatz_num[n: i64] : i64
     if n % 2 == 0
         return n / 2
     return n * 3 + 1
 
-func collatz_seq[n: I64]: I64
+func collatz_seq[n: i64]: i64
-    let i: I64 = 1
+    let i = 1
     while n != 1
         n = collatz_num(n)
         i = i + 1
     return i
 
-func main[] : I64
+func main[] : i64
-    let max: I64 = 0
+    let max = 0
-    let max_index: I64 = 0
+    let max_index = 0
 
     for i in 1..1000000
-        let seq: I64 = collatz_seq(i)
+        let seq: i64 = collatz_seq(i)
         if seq > max
             max = seq
             max_index = i
-    io.print_i64(max_index)
+    io.println_i64(max_index)

examples/puzzles/euler_15.zr

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+func main[] : i64
+    let n = 40
+    let r = 20
+    let out = 1
+
+    for i in 1..r+1
+        out = out * (n - (r - i)) / i
+
+    io.println_i64(out)

examples/puzzles/euler_16.zr

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+func main[] : i64
+    let n: array = []
+    array.push(n, 1)
+
+    for j in 0..1000
+        let carry = 0
+        for i in 0..array.size(n)
+            let tmp: i64 = array.nth(n, i) * 2 + carry
+            array.set(n, i, tmp % 10)
+            carry = tmp / 10
+        while carry > 0
+            array.push(n, carry % 10)
+            carry = carry / 10
+    
+    let sum = 0
+    for i in 0..array.size(n)
+        sum = sum + array.nth(n, i)
+
+    io.println_i64(sum)

examples/puzzles/euler_17.zr

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+func main[] : i64
+    let s1: array = [0, 3, 3, 5, 4, 4, 3, 5, 5, 4]
+    let s2: array = [3, 6, 6, 8, 8, 7, 7, 9, 8, 8]
+    let s3: array = [0, 0, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 7, 6, 6]
+
+    let sum = 0
+
+    for i in 1..10
+        sum = sum + array.nth(s1, i)
+    for i in 0..10
+        sum = sum + array.nth(s2, i)
+    for i in 20..100
+        sum = sum + array.nth(s3, i / 10) + array.nth(s1, i % 10)
+
+    for i in 1..10
+        sum = sum + array.nth(s1, i) + 7
+        for j in 1..10
+            sum = sum + array.nth(s1, i) + 7 + 3 + array.nth(s1, j)
+        for j in 0..10
+            sum = sum + array.nth(s1, i) + 7 + 3 + array.nth(s2, j)
+        for j in 20..100
+            sum = sum + array.nth(s1, i) + 7 + 3 + array.nth(s3, j / 10) + array.nth(s1, j % 10)
+    
+    sum = sum + array.nth(s1, 1) + 8
+
+    io.println_i64(sum)

examples/puzzles/euler_18.zr

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+func findmax[triangle: array, row: i64, col: i64] : i64
+    if row == 14
+        return array.nth(array.nth(triangle, row), col)
+
+    let left: i64 = findmax(triangle, row + 1, col)
+    let right: i64 = findmax(triangle, row + 1, col + 1)
+
+    return array.nth(array.nth(triangle, row), col) + math.max(left, right)
+
+func main[] : i64
+    let triangle: array = []
+    array.push(triangle, [75])
+    array.push(triangle, [95, 64])
+    array.push(triangle, [17, 47, 82])
+    array.push(triangle, [18, 35, 87, 10])
+    array.push(triangle, [20, 4, 82, 47, 65])
+    array.push(triangle, [19, 1, 23, 75, 3, 34])
+    array.push(triangle, [88, 2, 77, 73, 7, 63, 67])
+    array.push(triangle, [99, 65, 4, 28, 6, 16, 70, 92])
+    array.push(triangle, [41, 41, 26, 56, 83, 40, 80, 70, 33])
+    array.push(triangle, [41, 48, 72, 33, 47, 32, 37, 16, 94, 29])
+    array.push(triangle, [53, 71, 44, 65, 25, 43, 91, 52, 97, 51, 14])
+    array.push(triangle, [70, 11, 33, 28, 77, 73, 17, 78, 39, 68, 17, 57])
+    array.push(triangle, [91, 71, 52, 38, 17, 14, 91, 43, 58, 50, 27, 29, 48])
+    array.push(triangle, [63, 66, 4, 68, 89, 53, 67, 30, 73, 16, 69, 87, 40, 31])
+    array.push(triangle, [4, 62, 98, 27, 23, 9, 70, 98, 73, 93, 38, 53, 60, 4, 23])
+
+    io.println_i64(findmax(triangle, 0, 0))

examples/puzzles/euler_19.zr

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+func days[y: i64, m: i64] : i64
+    if m == 2
+        if (((y % 4 == 0) && (y % 100 != 0)) || (y % 400 == 0))
+            return 29
+        else
+            return 28
+    else if (m == 4) || (m == 6) || (m == 9) || (m == 11)
+        return 30
+    else
+        return 31
+
+func main[] : i64
+    let wday = 0
+    let sun = 0
+
+    for year in 1901..2001
+        for mon in 1..13
+            if wday == 5
+                sun = sun + 1
+            wday = (wday + days(year, mon)) % 7
+    
+    io.println_i64(sun)

examples/puzzles/euler_20.zr

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+func multiply[n: array, x: i64] : void
+    let carry = 0
+    for i in 0..array.size(n)
+        let prod: i64 = array.nth(n, i) * x + carry
+        array.set(n, i, prod % 10)
+        carry = prod / 10
+    while carry > 0
+        array.push(n, carry % 10)
+        carry = carry / 10
+
+func main[] : i64
+    let n: array = [1]
+
+    for i in 2..101
+        multiply(n, i)
+
+    let sum = 0
+    for i in 0..array.size(n)
+        sum = sum + array.nth(n, i)
+    
+    io.println_i64(sum)

examples/puzzles/euler_21.zr

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+func divisors_sum[n: i64] : i64
+    let k: i64 = n
+    let sum = 1
+
+    for i in 2..k+1
+        let p = 1
+        while k % i == 0
+            p = p * i
+            k = k / i
+        sum = sum * (p * i - 1) / (i - 1)
+    return sum - n
+
+func main[] : i64
+    let sum = 0
+
+    for i in 2..10000
+        let d: i64 = divisors_sum(i)
+        if i < d && i == divisors_sum(d)
+            sum = sum + i + d
+    
+    io.println_i64(sum)

examples/quicksort.zr

@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
-func main[] : I64
+func main[] : i64
-    let arr: Array = []
+    let arr: array = []
     for i in 0..10
-        array.push(arr, math.abs(math.urandom() % 1000))
+        array.push(arr, math.abs(os.urandom_i64()) % 1000)
 
     for i in 0..array.size(arr)
-        io.print_i64(arr[i])
+        io.println_i64(array.nth(arr, i))
-    io.print("------------")
+    io.println("------------")
 
     alg.quicksort(arr)
 
     for i in 0..array.size(arr)
-        io.print_i64(arr[i])
+        io.println_i64(array.nth(arr, i))
 
     array.free(arr)

examples/raylib.zr

@@ -1,42 +1,34 @@
-// musl doesnt like dlopen, needs to be compiled with -m
+// needs to be compiled with -m -C="/usr/local/lib/libraylib.a -lm"
+extern InitWindow
+extern SetTargetFPS
+extern WindowShouldClose
+extern BeginDrawing
+extern EndDrawing
+extern ClearBackground
+extern CloseWindow
+extern DrawRectangle
+extern IsKeyDown
 
-func main[] : I64
+func main[] : i64
-    let rl: Ptr = c.dlopen("libraylib.so", 2)
+    let x = 200
+    let y = 200
 
-    let rl.InitWindow: Ptr = c.dlsym(rl, "InitWindow")
+    InitWindow(800, 600, "Hello, World!")
-    let rl.SetTargetFPS: Ptr = c.dlsym(rl, "SetTargetFPS")
+    SetTargetFPS(60)
-    let rl.WindowShouldClose: Ptr = c.dlsym(rl, "WindowShouldClose")
-    let rl.BeginDrawing: Ptr = c.dlsym(rl, "BeginDrawing")
-    let rl.EndDrawing: Ptr = c.dlsym(rl, "EndDrawing")
-    let rl.ClearBackground: Ptr = c.dlsym(rl, "ClearBackground")
-    let rl.CloseWindow: Ptr = c.dlsym(rl, "CloseWindow")
-    let rl.DrawRectangle: Ptr = c.dlsym(rl, "DrawRectangle")
-    let rl.IsKeyDown: Ptr = c.dlsym(rl, "IsKeyDown")
 
-    let rl.KEY_W: I64 = 87
+    while !WindowShouldClose()
-    let rl.KEY_S: I64 = 83
+        if IsKeyDown(87) & 255 // W
-    let rl.KEY_A: I64 = 65
-    let rl.KEY_D: I64 = 68
-
-    let x: I64 = 200
-    let y: I64 = 200
-
-    rl.InitWindow(800, 600, "Hello, World!")
-    rl.SetTargetFPS(60)
-
-    while !rl.WindowShouldClose()
-        if rl.IsKeyDown(rl.KEY_W) & 255
             y = y - 10
-        if rl.IsKeyDown(rl.KEY_S) & 255
+        if IsKeyDown(83) & 255 // S
             y = y + 10
-        if rl.IsKeyDown(rl.KEY_A) & 255
+        if IsKeyDown(65) & 255 // A
             x = x - 10
-        if rl.IsKeyDown(rl.KEY_D) & 255
+        if IsKeyDown(68) & 255 // D
             x = x + 10
 
-        rl.BeginDrawing()
+        BeginDrawing()
-        rl.ClearBackground(0xffffffff)
+        ClearBackground(0xffffffff)
-        rl.DrawRectangle(x, y, 100, 100, 0xff0000ff)
+        DrawRectangle(x, y, 100, 100, 0xff0000ff)
-        rl.EndDrawing()
+        EndDrawing()
 
-    rl.CloseWindow()
+    CloseWindow()

examples/rule110.zr

@@ -1,32 +1,32 @@
-func rule110_step[state: Array] : Array
+func rule110_step[state: array] : array
-    let new_state: Array = []
+    let new_state: array = []
-    let state_len: I64 = array.size(state)
+    let state_len: i64 = array.size(state)
 
     for i in 0..state_len
-        let left: Bool = false
+        let left: bool = false
         if i - 1 >= 0
-            left = state[i-1]
+            left = array.nth(state, i - 1)
-        let center: Bool = state[i]
+        let center: bool = array.nth(state, i)
-        let right: Bool = false
+        let right: bool = false
         if i + 1 < state_len
-            right = state[i+1]
+            right = array.nth(state, i + 1)
 
-        array.push(new_state, !((!left & !center & !right) | (left & !center & !right) | (left & center & right)))
+        array.push(new_state, !((!left && !center && !right) || (left && !center && !right) || (left && center && right)))
 
     return new_state
 
-func print_state[state: Array]: Void
+func print_state[state: array]: void
     for i in 0..array.size(state)
-        if state[i]
+        if array.nth(state, i)
-            c.putchar('#')
+            io.print_char('#')
         else
-            c.putchar(' ')
+            io.print_char(' ')
-    io.print("")
+    io.println("")
 
-func main[] : I64
+func main[] : i64
-    let SIZE: I64 = 60
+    let SIZE = 60
 
-    let state: Array = []
+    let state: array = []
     for i in 0..SIZE
         array.push(state, false)
     array.push(state, true)

examples/sqlite_todo.zr

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+// needs to be compiled with -m -C="-lsqlite3"
+extern sqlite3_open
+extern sqlite3_exec
+extern sqlite3_prepare_v2
+extern sqlite3_bind_int
+extern sqlite3_bind_text
+extern sqlite3_step
+extern sqlite3_errmsg
+extern sqlite3_column_int
+extern sqlite3_column_text
+extern sqlite3_finalize
+
+func main[] : i64
+    let rc = 0
+    let db = 0
+    let stmt = 0
+
+    rc = sqlite3_open("todo.db", ^db)
+    if rc
+        dbg.panic("failed to open db")
+
+    rc = sqlite3_exec(db, "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS todo(id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, task TEXT NOT NULL);", 0, 0, 0)
+    if rc
+        dbg.panic(sqlite3_errmsg(db))
+    
+    while true
+        io.println("1. List tasks")
+        io.println("2. Add task")
+        io.println("3. Delete task")
+        io.println("0. Quit")
+        io.print("\n> ")
+
+        let choice: i64 = io.read_line() |> str.parse_i64()
+
+        if choice == 0
+            break
+        else if choice == 1
+            io.println("============")
+            sqlite3_prepare_v2(db, "SELECT * FROM todo", -1, ^stmt, 0)
+
+            while sqlite3_step(stmt) == 100
+                let id: i64 = sqlite3_column_int(stmt, 0)
+                let task: str = sqlite3_column_text(stmt, 1)
+                
+                io.print_i64(id)
+                io.print(" - ")
+                io.println(task)
+
+            io.println("============")
+        else if choice == 2
+            io.print("\nEnter new task: ")
+            let task: str = io.read_line() |> str.trim()
+
+            sqlite3_prepare_v2(db, "INSERT INTO todo(task) VALUES (?);", -1, ^stmt, 0)
+            sqlite3_bind_text(stmt, 1, task, -1, 0)
+            if sqlite3_step(stmt) != 101
+                dbg.panic(sqlite3_errmsg(db))
+
+            io.println("\nTask added\n")
+        else if choice == 3
+            io.print("\nEnter task id: ")
+            let id: i64 = io.read_line() |> str.parse_i64()
+
+            sqlite3_prepare_v2(db, "DELETE FROM todo WHERE id = ?;", -1, ^stmt, 0)
+            sqlite3_bind_int(stmt, 1, id, -1, 0)
+            if sqlite3_step(stmt) != 101
+                dbg.panic(sqlite3_errmsg(db))
+
+            io.println("\nTask deleted\n")
+
+    sqlite3_finalize(stmt)

examples/tcp_server.zr

@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
-func main[] : I64
+func main[] : i64
-    let s: I64 = net.listen(8000)
+    let host: i64 = net.pack_addr(127, 0, 0, 1)
+    let s: i64 = net.listen(host, 8000)
 
-    let resp: String = mem.alloc(60000)
+    let resp: str = mem.alloc(60000)
     while true
-        let conn: I64 = c.accept(s, 0, 0)
+        let conn: i64 = net.accept(s)
         if conn < 0
             continue
 
-        let n: I64 = c.read(conn, resp, 60000)
+        let n: i64 = net.read(conn, resp, 60000)
-        c.send(conn, resp, n, 0)
+        net.send(conn, resp, n)
-        c.close(conn)
+        net.close(conn)

examples/x11.zr

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+// needs to be compiled with -m -C="-lX11"
+extern XOpenDisplay
+extern XDefaultRootWindow
+extern XCreateSimpleWindow
+extern XMapWindow
+extern XSelectInput
+extern XNextEvent
+extern XBlackPixel
+extern XWhitePixel
+extern XSetForeground
+extern XCreateGC
+extern XDefaultScreen
+extern XDrawString
+
+func main[] : i64
+
+    let dpy: ptr = XOpenDisplay(0)
+    let screen: ptr = XDefaultScreen(dpy)
+
+    let white: ptr = XWhitePixel(dpy, screen)
+    let black: ptr = XBlackPixel(dpy, screen)
+
+    let win: ptr = XCreateSimpleWindow(dpy, XDefaultRootWindow(dpy), 0, 0, 200, 100, 0, black, white)
+
+    XSelectInput(dpy, win, 1 << 15)
+    XMapWindow(dpy, win)
+
+    let gc: ptr = XCreateGC(dpy, win, 0, 0)
+    XSetForeground(dpy, gc, black)
+    
+    let ev: ptr = mem.alloc(256)
+    
+    while true
+        XNextEvent(dpy, ev)
+        if ev[0] == 12
+            XDrawString(dpy, win, gc, 20, 50, "Hello, World!", 13)

src/analyzer.rs

@@ -6,13 +6,15 @@ use crate::{
 };
 
 pub struct Analyzer {
-    pub functions: HashMap<String, usize>,
+    pub functions: HashMap<String, i32>,
+    pub constants: HashMap<String, u64>,
 }
 
 impl Analyzer {
     pub fn new() -> Analyzer {
         Analyzer {
             functions: HashMap::new(),
+            constants: HashMap::new(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -22,12 +24,14 @@ impl Analyzer {
             params,
             return_type: _,
             body: _,
+            exported: _,
         } = stmt
         {
             if self.functions.contains_key(&name.lexeme) {
                 return error!(name.loc, format!("tried to redefine '{}'", name.lexeme));
             }
-            self.functions.insert(name.lexeme.clone(), params.len());
+            self.functions
+                .insert(name.lexeme.clone(), params.len() as i32);
         }
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -42,6 +46,18 @@ impl Analyzer {
             } => {
                 self.analyze_expr(initializer)?;
             }
+            Stmt::Const { name, value } => {
+                if self.constants.contains_key(&name.lexeme)
+                    || self.functions.contains_key(&name.lexeme)
+                {
+                    return error!(
+                        name.loc,
+                        format!("tried to redefine constant '{}'", name.lexeme)
+                    );
+                }
+                self.constants
+                    .insert(name.lexeme.clone(), value.lexeme.parse().unwrap());
+            }
             Stmt::Block(statements) => {
                 for stmt in statements {
                     self.analyze_stmt(stmt)?;
@@ -65,9 +81,10 @@ impl Analyzer {
                 params: _,
                 return_type,
                 body,
+                exported: _,
             } => {
-                if name.lexeme == "main" && return_type.lexeme != "I64" {
+                if name.lexeme == "main" && return_type.lexeme != "i64" {
-                    return error!(&name.loc, "main must return I64");
+                    return error!(&name.loc, "main must return i64");
                 }
 
                 self.analyze_stmt(body)?;
@@ -87,6 +104,12 @@ impl Analyzer {
             }
             Stmt::Break => {}
             Stmt::Continue => {}
+            Stmt::Extern(name) => {
+                if self.functions.contains_key(&name.lexeme) {
+                    return error!(name.loc, format!("tried to redefine '{}'", name.lexeme));
+                }
+                self.functions.insert(name.lexeme.clone(), -1);
+            }
         }
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -97,6 +120,10 @@ impl Analyzer {
                 self.analyze_expr(left)?;
                 self.analyze_expr(right)?;
             }
+            Expr::Logical { left, op: _, right } => {
+                self.analyze_expr(left)?;
+                self.analyze_expr(right)?;
+            }
             Expr::Grouping(expr) => self.analyze_expr(expr)?,
             Expr::Literal(_) => {}
             Expr::Unary { op: _, right } => {
@@ -111,20 +138,31 @@ impl Analyzer {
                 paren,
                 args,
             } => {
-                let callee = match callee.as_ref() {
+                if let Expr::Variable(callee_name) = *callee.clone() {
-                    Expr::Variable(name) => name.lexeme.clone(),
+                    if callee_name.lexeme.starts_with("_builtin_")
-                    _ => return error!(&paren.loc, "tried to call a non-constant expression"),
+                        || self.functions.contains_key(&callee_name.lexeme)
-                };
+                    {
-
+                        // its a function (defined/builtin/extern)
-                if let Some(arity) = self.functions.get(&callee) {
+                        if let Some(arity) = self.functions.get(&callee_name.lexeme) {
-                    if *arity != args.len() {
+                            if *arity >= 0 && *arity != args.len() as i32 {
-                        return error!(
+                                return error!(
-                            &paren.loc,
+                                    &paren.loc,
-                            format!("expected {} arguments, got {}", arity, args.len())
+                                    format!("expected {} arguments, got {}", arity, args.len())
-                        );
+                                );
+                            }
+                        } else if !callee_name.lexeme.starts_with("_builtin_") {
+                            return error!(
+                                &paren.loc,
+                                format!("undefined function: {}", callee_name.lexeme)
+                            );
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        // its a variable containing function address
+                        self.analyze_expr(callee)?;
                     }
                 } else {
-                    // TODO: cant error here since we dont analyze externs/builtins
+                    // its an expression that evalutes to function address
+                    self.analyze_expr(callee)?;
                 }
 
                 for arg in args {
@@ -140,6 +178,9 @@ impl Analyzer {
                 self.analyze_expr(expr)?;
                 self.analyze_expr(index)?;
             }
+            Expr::AddrOf { op: _, expr } => {
+                self.analyze_expr(expr)?;
+            }
         }
         Ok(())
     }

src/codegen_x86_64.rs

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 use std::{collections::HashMap, fmt::Write};
 
 use crate::{
+    analyzer::Analyzer,
     parser::{Expr, Stmt},
     tokenizer::{TokenType, ZernError, error},
 };
 
 pub struct Var {
-    // pub var_type: String,
     pub stack_offset: usize,
 }
 
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ pub struct Env {
     next_offset: usize,
     loop_begin_label: String,
     loop_end_label: String,
+    loop_continue_label: String,
 }
 
 impl Env {
@@ -24,6 +25,7 @@ impl Env {
             next_offset: 8,
             loop_begin_label: String::new(),
             loop_end_label: String::new(),
+            loop_continue_label: String::new(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -65,20 +67,22 @@ macro_rules! emit {
 
 static REGISTERS: [&str; 6] = ["rdi", "rsi", "rdx", "rcx", "r8", "r9"];
 
-pub struct CodegenX86_64 {
+pub struct CodegenX86_64<'a> {
     output: String,
     data_section: String,
     label_counter: usize,
     data_counter: usize,
+    pub analyzer: &'a mut Analyzer,
 }
 
-impl CodegenX86_64 {
+impl<'a> CodegenX86_64<'a> {
-    pub fn new() -> CodegenX86_64 {
+    pub fn new(analyzer: &'a mut Analyzer) -> CodegenX86_64<'a> {
         CodegenX86_64 {
             output: String::new(),
             data_section: String::new(),
             label_counter: 0,
             data_counter: 1,
+            analyzer,
         }
     }
 
@@ -88,11 +92,7 @@ impl CodegenX86_64 {
     }
 
     pub fn get_output(&self) -> String {
-        format!(
+        format!("section .data\n{}{}", self.data_section, self.output)
-            "section .data
-{}{}",
-            self.data_section, self.output
-        )
     }
 
     pub fn emit_prologue(&mut self) -> Result<(), ZernError> {
@@ -101,26 +101,6 @@ impl CodegenX86_64 {
             "section .note.GNU-stack
     db 0
 
-section .text
-"
-        );
-
-        // take that rustfmt
-        for name in "malloc,memset,realloc,free,puts,putchar,printf,snprintf,strtol,strlen,strcmp,strcat,strcpy,strncpy,fopen,fseek,ftell,fread,fwrite,fclose,rewind,system,opendir,readdir,closedir,exit,gettimeofday,connect,socket,send,write,read,close,bind,listen,accept,getchar,gethostbyname,dlopen,dlsym".split(",")
-        {
-            emit!(&mut self.output, "extern {}", name);
-            emit!(&mut self.output, "c.{} equ {}", name, name);
-        }
-
-        emit!(
-            &mut self.output,
-            "
-section .text._builtin_read8
-_builtin_read8:
-    xor rax, rax 
-    mov al, byte [rdi]
-    ret
-
 section .text._builtin_read64
 _builtin_read64:
     mov rax, qword [rdi]
@@ -135,12 +115,30 @@ section .text._builtin_set64
 _builtin_set64:
     mov [rdi], rsi
     ret
+
+section .text._builtin_syscall
+_builtin_syscall:
+    mov rax, rdi
+    mov rdi, rsi
+    mov rsi, rdx
+    mov rdx, rcx
+    mov r10, r8
+    mov r8,  r9
+    mov r9,  [rsp+8]
+    syscall
+    ret
+
+section .text._builtin_environ
+_builtin_environ:
+    extern environ
+    mov rax, [rel environ]
+    ret
 "
         );
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    pub fn compile_stmt(&mut self, env: &mut Env, stmt: Stmt) -> Result<(), ZernError> {
+    pub fn compile_stmt(&mut self, env: &mut Env, stmt: &Stmt) -> Result<(), ZernError> {
         match stmt {
             Stmt::Expression(expr) => self.compile_expr(env, expr)?,
             Stmt::Let {
@@ -156,10 +154,27 @@ _builtin_set64:
                     );
                 }
 
+                let var_type: String = match var_type {
+                    Some(t) => t.lexeme.clone(),
+                    None => match &initializer {
+                        Expr::Literal(token) => {
+                            if token.token_type == TokenType::Number {
+                                "i64".into()
+                            } else {
+                                return error!(&name.loc, "unable to infer variable type");
+                            }
+                        }
+                        _ => return error!(&name.loc, "unable to infer variable type"),
+                    },
+                };
+
                 self.compile_expr(env, initializer)?;
-                let offset = env.define_var(name.lexeme.clone(), var_type.lexeme);
+                let offset = env.define_var(name.lexeme.clone(), var_type);
                 emit!(&mut self.output, "    mov QWORD [rbp-{}], rax", offset);
             }
+            Stmt::Const { name: _, value: _ } => {
+                // handled in the analyzer
+            }
             Stmt::Block(statements) => {
                 env.push_scope();
                 for stmt in statements {
@@ -178,36 +193,40 @@ _builtin_set64:
                 self.compile_expr(env, condition)?;
                 emit!(&mut self.output, "    test rax, rax");
                 emit!(&mut self.output, "    je {}", else_label);
-                self.compile_stmt(env, *then_branch.clone())?;
+                self.compile_stmt(env, then_branch)?;
                 emit!(&mut self.output, "    jmp {}", end_label);
                 emit!(&mut self.output, "{}:", else_label);
-                self.compile_stmt(env, *else_branch.clone())?;
+                self.compile_stmt(env, else_branch)?;
                 emit!(&mut self.output, "{}:", end_label);
             }
             Stmt::While { condition, body } => {
                 let old_loop_begin_label = env.loop_begin_label.clone();
                 let old_loop_end_label = env.loop_end_label.clone();
+                let old_loop_continue_label = env.loop_continue_label.clone();
                 env.loop_begin_label = self.label();
                 env.loop_end_label = self.label();
+                env.loop_continue_label = env.loop_begin_label.clone();
 
                 emit!(&mut self.output, "{}:", env.loop_begin_label);
                 self.compile_expr(env, condition)?;
                 emit!(&mut self.output, "    test rax, rax");
                 emit!(&mut self.output, "    je {}", env.loop_end_label);
-                self.compile_stmt(env, *body.clone())?;
+                self.compile_stmt(env, body)?;
                 emit!(&mut self.output, "    jmp {}", env.loop_begin_label);
                 emit!(&mut self.output, "{}:", env.loop_end_label);
 
                 env.loop_begin_label = old_loop_begin_label;
                 env.loop_end_label = old_loop_end_label;
+                env.loop_continue_label = old_loop_continue_label;
             }
             Stmt::Function {
                 name,
                 params,
                 return_type: _,
                 body,
+                exported,
             } => {
-                if name.lexeme == "main" {
+                if *exported || name.lexeme == "main" {
                     emit!(&mut self.output, "global {}", name.lexeme);
                 }
                 emit!(&mut self.output, "section .text.{}", name.lexeme);
@@ -219,20 +238,29 @@ _builtin_set64:
                 for (i, param) in params.iter().enumerate() {
                     let offset = env
                         .define_var(param.var_name.lexeme.clone(), param.var_type.lexeme.clone());
-                    let reg = match REGISTERS.get(i) {
+                    if let Some(reg) = REGISTERS.get(i) {
-                        Some(x) => x,
+                        emit!(&mut self.output, "    mov QWORD [rbp-{}], {}", offset, reg);
-                        None => return error!(&name.loc, "only up to 6 params allowed"),
+                    } else {
-                    };
+                        let stack_offset = 16 + 8 * (i - REGISTERS.len());
-                    emit!(&mut self.output, "    mov QWORD [rbp-{}], {}", offset, reg);
+                        emit!(
+                            &mut self.output,
+                            "    mov rax, QWORD [rbp+{}]",
+                            stack_offset
+                        );
+                        emit!(&mut self.output, "    mov QWORD [rbp-{}], rax", offset);
+                    }
                 }
 
-                self.compile_stmt(env, *body)?;
+                self.compile_stmt(env, body)?;
 
-                // fallback to returning null
+                // fallback to null
-                emit!(&mut self.output, "    mov rax, 0");
+                // very hacky but works
-                emit!(&mut self.output, "    mov rsp, rbp");
+                if !self.output.trim_end().ends_with("    ret") {
-                emit!(&mut self.output, "    pop rbp");
+                    emit!(&mut self.output, "    mov rax, 0");
-                emit!(&mut self.output, "    ret");
+                    emit!(&mut self.output, "    mov rsp, rbp");
+                    emit!(&mut self.output, "    pop rbp");
+                    emit!(&mut self.output, "    ret");
+                }
             }
             Stmt::Return(expr) => {
                 self.compile_expr(env, expr)?;
@@ -248,11 +276,13 @@ _builtin_set64:
             } => {
                 let old_loop_begin_label = env.loop_begin_label.clone();
                 let old_loop_end_label = env.loop_end_label.clone();
+                let old_loop_continue_label = env.loop_continue_label.clone();
                 env.loop_begin_label = self.label();
                 env.loop_end_label = self.label();
+                env.loop_continue_label = self.label();
 
                 env.push_scope();
-                let offset = env.define_var(var.lexeme, "I64".into());
+                let offset = env.define_var(var.lexeme.clone(), "i64".into());
 
                 self.compile_expr(env, start)?;
                 emit!(&mut self.output, "    mov QWORD [rbp-{}], rax", offset);
@@ -263,7 +293,8 @@ _builtin_set64:
                 emit!(&mut self.output, "    pop rcx");
                 emit!(&mut self.output, "    cmp rcx, rax");
                 emit!(&mut self.output, "    jge {}", env.loop_end_label);
-                self.compile_stmt(env, *body)?;
+                self.compile_stmt(env, body)?;
+                emit!(&mut self.output, "{}:", env.loop_continue_label);
                 emit!(&mut self.output, "    mov rax, QWORD [rbp-{}]", offset);
                 emit!(&mut self.output, "    add rax, 1");
                 emit!(&mut self.output, "    mov QWORD [rbp-{}], rax", offset);
@@ -273,24 +304,27 @@ _builtin_set64:
 
                 env.loop_begin_label = old_loop_begin_label;
                 env.loop_end_label = old_loop_end_label;
+                env.loop_continue_label = old_loop_continue_label;
             }
             Stmt::Break => {
                 emit!(&mut self.output, "    jmp {}", env.loop_end_label);
             }
             Stmt::Continue => {
-                // TODO: skips incrementing when used in a for loop
+                emit!(&mut self.output, "    jmp {}", env.loop_continue_label);
-                emit!(&mut self.output, "    jmp {}", env.loop_begin_label);
+            }
+            Stmt::Extern(name) => {
+                emit!(&mut self.output, "extern {}", name.lexeme);
             }
         }
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    pub fn compile_expr(&mut self, env: &mut Env, expr: Expr) -> Result<(), ZernError> {
+    pub fn compile_expr(&mut self, env: &mut Env, expr: &Expr) -> Result<(), ZernError> {
         match expr {
             Expr::Binary { left, op, right } => {
-                self.compile_expr(env, *left)?;
+                self.compile_expr(env, left)?;
                 emit!(&mut self.output, "    push rax");
-                self.compile_expr(env, *right)?;
+                self.compile_expr(env, right)?;
                 emit!(&mut self.output, "    mov rbx, rax");
                 emit!(&mut self.output, "    pop rax");
 
@@ -363,7 +397,26 @@ _builtin_set64:
                     _ => unreachable!(),
                 }
             }
-            Expr::Grouping(expr) => self.compile_expr(env, *expr)?,
+            Expr::Logical { left, op, right } => {
+                let end_label = self.label();
+                match op.token_type {
+                    TokenType::LogicalAnd => {
+                        self.compile_expr(env, left)?;
+                        emit!(&mut self.output, "    test rax, rax");
+                        emit!(&mut self.output, "    je {}", end_label);
+                        self.compile_expr(env, right)?;
+                    }
+                    TokenType::LogicalOr => {
+                        self.compile_expr(env, left)?;
+                        emit!(&mut self.output, "    test rax, rax");
+                        emit!(&mut self.output, "    jne {}", end_label);
+                        self.compile_expr(env, right)?;
+                    }
+                    _ => unreachable!(),
+                }
+                emit!(&mut self.output, "{}:", end_label);
+            }
+            Expr::Grouping(expr) => self.compile_expr(env, expr)?,
             Expr::Literal(token) => match token.token_type {
                 TokenType::Number => {
                     emit!(&mut self.output, "    mov rax, {}", token.lexeme);
@@ -408,7 +461,7 @@ _builtin_set64:
                 _ => unreachable!(),
             },
             Expr::Unary { op, right } => {
-                self.compile_expr(env, *right)?;
+                self.compile_expr(env, right)?;
                 match op.token_type {
                     TokenType::Minus => {
                         emit!(&mut self.output, "    neg rax");
@@ -422,21 +475,32 @@ _builtin_set64:
                 }
             }
             Expr::Variable(name) => {
-                // TODO: move to analyzer
+                if self.analyzer.constants.contains_key(&name.lexeme) {
-                let var = match env.get_var(&name.lexeme) {
+                    emit!(
-                    Some(x) => x,
+                        &mut self.output,
-                    None => {
+                        "    mov rax, {}",
-                        return error!(name.loc, format!("undefined variable: {}", &name.lexeme));
+                        self.analyzer.constants[&name.lexeme]
-                    }
+                    );
-                };
+                } else {
-                emit!(
+                    // TODO: move to analyzer
-                    &mut self.output,
+                    let var = match env.get_var(&name.lexeme) {
-                    "    mov rax, QWORD [rbp-{}]",
+                        Some(x) => x,
-                    var.stack_offset,
+                        None => {
-                );
+                            return error!(
+                                name.loc,
+                                format!("undefined variable: {}", &name.lexeme)
+                            );
+                        }
+                    };
+                    emit!(
+                        &mut self.output,
+                        "    mov rax, QWORD [rbp-{}]",
+                        var.stack_offset,
+                    );
+                }
             }
             Expr::Assign { name, value } => {
-                self.compile_expr(env, *value)?;
+                self.compile_expr(env, value)?;
 
                 // TODO: move to analyzer
                 let var = match env.get_var(&name.lexeme) {
@@ -453,40 +517,64 @@ _builtin_set64:
             }
             Expr::Call {
                 callee,
-                paren,
+                paren: _,
                 args,
             } => {
-                let callee = match *callee {
+                for arg in args {
-                    Expr::Variable(name) => name.lexeme,
+                    self.compile_expr(env, arg)?;
-                    _ => return error!(&paren.loc, "tried to call a non-constant expression"),
-                };
-
-                for arg in &args {
-                    self.compile_expr(env, arg.clone())?;
                     emit!(&mut self.output, "    push rax");
                 }
 
-                for i in (0..args.len()).rev() {
+                let arg_count = args.len();
-                    let reg = match REGISTERS.get(i) {
+                if arg_count <= 6 {
-                        Some(x) => x,
+                    for i in (0..arg_count).rev() {
-                        None => return error!(&paren.loc, "only up to 6 args allowed"),
+                        emit!(&mut self.output, "    pop {}", REGISTERS[i]);
-                    };
+                    }
-                    emit!(&mut self.output, "    pop {}", reg);
+                } else {
-                }
+                    for (i, reg) in REGISTERS.iter().enumerate() {
-
+                        let offset = 8 * (arg_count - 1 - i);
-                match env.get_var(&callee) {
-                    Some(var) => {
                         emit!(
                             &mut self.output,
-                            "    mov rax, QWORD [rbp-{}]",
+                            "    mov {}, QWORD [rsp + {}]",
-                            var.stack_offset,
+                            reg,
+                            offset
                         );
+                    }
+                    let num_stack = arg_count - 6;
+                    for i in 0..num_stack {
+                        let arg_idx = arg_count - 1 - i;
+                        let offset = 8 * (arg_count - 1 - arg_idx);
+                        emit!(
+                            &mut self.output,
+                            "    mov rax, QWORD [rsp + {}]",
+                            offset + 8 * i
+                        );
+                        emit!(&mut self.output, "    push rax");
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if let Expr::Variable(callee_name) = &**callee {
+                    if callee_name.lexeme.starts_with("_builtin_")
+                        || self.analyzer.functions.contains_key(&callee_name.lexeme)
+                    {
+                        // its a function (defined/builtin/extern)
+                        emit!(&mut self.output, "    call {}", callee_name.lexeme);
+                    } else {
+                        // its a variable containing function address
+                        self.compile_expr(env, callee)?;
                         emit!(&mut self.output, "    call rax");
                     }
-                    None => {
+                } else {
-                        emit!(&mut self.output, "    call {}", callee);
+                    // its an expression that evalutes to function address
-                    }
+                    self.compile_expr(env, callee)?;
-                };
+                    emit!(&mut self.output, "    call rax");
+                }
+
+                if arg_count > 6 {
+                    let num_stack = arg_count - 6;
+                    emit!(&mut self.output, "    add rsp, {}", 8 * num_stack);
+                    emit!(&mut self.output, "    add rsp, {}", 8 * arg_count);
+                }
             }
             Expr::ArrayLiteral(exprs) => {
                 emit!(&mut self.output, "    call array.new");
@@ -502,13 +590,38 @@ _builtin_set64:
                 emit!(&mut self.output, "    pop rax");
             }
             Expr::Index { expr, index } => {
-                self.compile_expr(env, *expr)?;
+                self.compile_expr(env, expr)?;
                 emit!(&mut self.output, "    push rax");
-                self.compile_expr(env, *index)?;
+                self.compile_expr(env, index)?;
                 emit!(&mut self.output, "    pop rbx");
-                emit!(&mut self.output, "    mov rbx, [rbx]");
+                emit!(&mut self.output, "    add rax, rbx");
-                emit!(&mut self.output, "    mov rax, [rbx + rax*8]");
+                emit!(&mut self.output, "    movzx rax, BYTE [rax]");
             }
+            Expr::AddrOf { op, expr } => match *expr.clone() {
+                Expr::Variable(name) => {
+                    if self.analyzer.functions.contains_key(&name.lexeme) {
+                        emit!(&mut self.output, "    mov rax, {}", name.lexeme);
+                    } else {
+                        let var = match env.get_var(&name.lexeme) {
+                            Some(x) => x,
+                            None => {
+                                return error!(
+                                    name.loc,
+                                    format!("undefined variable: {}", &name.lexeme)
+                                );
+                            }
+                        };
+                        emit!(
+                            &mut self.output,
+                            "    lea rax, QWORD [rbp-{}]",
+                            var.stack_offset,
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
+                _ => {
+                    return error!(&op.loc, "can only take address of variables and functions");
+                }
+            },
         }
         Ok(())
     }

src/main.rs

@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ use tokenizer::ZernError;
 use clap::Parser;
 
 fn compile_file_to(
-    analyzer: &mut analyzer::Analyzer,
     codegen: &mut codegen_x86_64::CodegenX86_64,
     filename: &str,
     source: String,
@@ -26,15 +25,16 @@ fn compile_file_to(
     let statements = parser.parse()?;
 
     for stmt in &statements {
-        analyzer.register_function(stmt)?;
+        codegen.analyzer.register_function(stmt)?;
     }
 
     for stmt in &statements {
-        analyzer.analyze_stmt(stmt)?;
+        codegen.analyzer.analyze_stmt(stmt)?;
     }
 
     for stmt in statements {
-        codegen.compile_stmt(&mut codegen_x86_64::Env::new(), stmt)?;
+        // top level statements are all function/const/extern declarations so a new env for each
+        codegen.compile_stmt(&mut codegen_x86_64::Env::new(), &stmt)?;
     }
     Ok(())
 }
@@ -62,22 +62,27 @@ fn compile_file(args: Args) -> Result<(), ZernError> {
     let filename = Path::new(&args.path).file_name().unwrap().to_str().unwrap();
 
     let mut analyzer = analyzer::Analyzer::new();
-    let mut codegen = codegen_x86_64::CodegenX86_64::new();
+    let mut codegen = codegen_x86_64::CodegenX86_64::new(&mut analyzer);
     codegen.emit_prologue()?;
     compile_file_to(
-        &mut analyzer,
         &mut codegen,
-        "std.zr",
+        "syscalls.zr",
-        include_str!("std.zr").into(),
+        include_str!("std/syscalls.zr").into(),
     )?;
-    compile_file_to(&mut analyzer, &mut codegen, filename, source)?;
+    compile_file_to(&mut codegen, "std.zr", include_str!("std/std.zr").into())?;
+    compile_file_to(
+        &mut codegen,
+        "crypto.zr",
+        include_str!("std/crypto.zr").into(),
+    )?;
+    compile_file_to(&mut codegen, filename, source)?;
 
     if !args.output_asm {
         fs::write(format!("{}.s", args.out), codegen.get_output()).unwrap();
 
         run_command(format!("nasm -f elf64 -o {}.o {}.s", args.out, args.out));
 
-        if args.no_musl {
+        if args.use_glibc {
             run_command(format!(
                 "gcc -no-pie -o {} {}.o -flto -Wl,--gc-sections {}",
                 args.out, args.out, args.cflags
@@ -118,8 +123,8 @@ struct Args {
     #[arg(short = 'r', help = "Run the compiled executable")]
     run_exe: bool,
 
-    #[arg(short = 'm', help = "Don't use musl")]
+    #[arg(short = 'm', help = "Use glibc instead of musl")]
-    no_musl: bool,
+    use_glibc: bool,
 
     #[arg(short = 'C', default_value = "", help = "Extra flags to pass to gcc")]
     cflags: String,

src/parser.rs

@@ -11,9 +11,13 @@ pub enum Stmt {
     Expression(Expr),
     Let {
         name: Token,
-        var_type: Token,
+        var_type: Option<Token>,
         initializer: Expr,
     },
+    Const {
+        name: Token,
+        value: Token,
+    },
     Block(Vec<Stmt>),
     If {
         condition: Expr,
@@ -35,10 +39,12 @@ pub enum Stmt {
         params: Vec<Param>,
         return_type: Token,
         body: Box<Stmt>,
+        exported: bool,
     },
     Return(Expr),
     Break,
     Continue,
+    Extern(Token),
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
@@ -48,6 +54,11 @@ pub enum Expr {
         op: Token,
         right: Box<Expr>,
     },
+    Logical {
+        left: Box<Expr>,
+        op: Token,
+        right: Box<Expr>,
+    },
     Grouping(Box<Expr>),
     Literal(Token),
     Unary {
@@ -69,10 +80,14 @@ pub enum Expr {
         expr: Box<Expr>,
         index: Box<Expr>,
     },
+    AddrOf {
+        op: Token,
+        expr: Box<Expr>,
+    },
 }
 
 // TODO: currently they are all just 8 byte values
-static TYPES: [&str; 7] = ["Void", "U8", "I64", "String", "Bool", "Ptr", "Array"];
+static TYPES: [&str; 7] = ["void", "u8", "i64", "str", "bool", "ptr", "array"];
 
 pub struct Parser {
     tokens: Vec<Token>,
@@ -100,7 +115,17 @@ impl Parser {
     fn declaration(&mut self) -> Result<Stmt, ZernError> {
         if !self.is_inside_function {
             if self.match_token(&[TokenType::KeywordFunc]) {
-                return self.func_declaration();
+                return self.func_declaration(false);
+            }
+            if self.match_token(&[TokenType::KeywordExport]) {
+                self.consume(TokenType::KeywordFunc, "expected 'func' after 'export'")?;
+                return self.func_declaration(true);
+            }
+            if self.match_token(&[TokenType::KeywordExtern]) {
+                return self.extern_declaration();
+            }
+            if self.match_token(&[TokenType::KeywordConst]) {
+                return self.const_declaration();
             }
             return error!(
                 self.peek().loc,
@@ -115,7 +140,7 @@ impl Parser {
         }
     }
 
-    fn func_declaration(&mut self) -> Result<Stmt, ZernError> {
+    fn func_declaration(&mut self, exported: bool) -> Result<Stmt, ZernError> {
         let name = self.consume(TokenType::Identifier, "expected function name")?;
         self.consume(TokenType::LeftBracket, "expected '[' after function name")?;
 
@@ -153,17 +178,22 @@ impl Parser {
             params,
             return_type,
             body,
+            exported,
         })
     }
 
     fn let_declaration(&mut self) -> Result<Stmt, ZernError> {
         let name = self.consume(TokenType::Identifier, "expected variable name")?;
-        self.consume(TokenType::Colon, "expected ':' after variable name")?;
 
-        let var_type = self.consume(TokenType::Identifier, "expected variable type")?;
+        let var_type = if self.match_token(&[TokenType::Colon]) {
-        if !TYPES.contains(&var_type.lexeme.as_str()) {
+            let token = self.consume(TokenType::Identifier, "expected variable type")?;
-            return error!(&name.loc, format!("unknown type: {}", var_type.lexeme));
+            if !TYPES.contains(&token.lexeme.as_str()) {
-        }
+                return error!(&name.loc, format!("unknown type: {}", token.lexeme));
+            }
+            Some(token)
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
 
         self.consume(TokenType::Equal, "expected '=' after variable type")?;
         let initializer = self.expression()?;
@@ -174,6 +204,19 @@ impl Parser {
         })
     }
 
+    fn const_declaration(&mut self) -> Result<Stmt, ZernError> {
+        let name = self.consume(TokenType::Identifier, "expected const name")?;
+        self.consume(TokenType::Equal, "expected '=' after const name")?;
+        let value = self.consume(TokenType::Number, "expected a number after '='")?;
+        Ok(Stmt::Const { name, value })
+    }
+
+    fn extern_declaration(&mut self) -> Result<Stmt, ZernError> {
+        Ok(Stmt::Extern(
+            self.consume(TokenType::Identifier, "expected extern name")?,
+        ))
+    }
+
     fn block(&mut self) -> Result<Stmt, ZernError> {
         self.consume(TokenType::Indent, "expected an indent")?;
 
@@ -271,7 +314,7 @@ impl Parser {
     }
 
     fn pipe(&mut self) -> Result<Expr, ZernError> {
-        let mut expr = self.logical_or()?;
+        let mut expr = self.or_and()?;
 
         while self.match_token(&[TokenType::Pipe]) {
             let pipe = self.previous().clone();
@@ -300,29 +343,13 @@ impl Parser {
         Ok(expr)
     }
 
-    fn logical_or(&mut self) -> Result<Expr, ZernError> {
+    fn or_and(&mut self) -> Result<Expr, ZernError> {
-        let mut expr = self.logical_and()?;
-
-        while self.match_token(&[TokenType::BitOr]) {
-            let op = self.previous().clone();
-            let right = self.logical_and()?;
-            expr = Expr::Binary {
-                left: Box::new(expr),
-                op,
-                right: Box::new(right),
-            }
-        }
-
-        Ok(expr)
-    }
-
-    fn logical_and(&mut self) -> Result<Expr, ZernError> {
         let mut expr = self.equality()?;
 
-        while self.match_token(&[TokenType::BitAnd]) {
+        while self.match_token(&[TokenType::LogicalOr, TokenType::LogicalAnd]) {
             let op = self.previous().clone();
             let right = self.equality()?;
-            expr = Expr::Binary {
+            expr = Expr::Logical {
                 left: Box::new(expr),
                 op,
                 right: Box::new(right),
@@ -372,7 +399,13 @@ impl Parser {
     fn term(&mut self) -> Result<Expr, ZernError> {
         let mut expr = self.factor()?;
 
-        while self.match_token(&[TokenType::Plus, TokenType::Minus, TokenType::Xor]) {
+        while self.match_token(&[
+            TokenType::Plus,
+            TokenType::Minus,
+            TokenType::Xor,
+            TokenType::BitAnd,
+            TokenType::BitOr,
+        ]) {
             let op = self.previous().clone();
             let right = self.factor()?;
             expr = Expr::Binary {
@@ -408,6 +441,14 @@ impl Parser {
     }
 
     fn unary(&mut self) -> Result<Expr, ZernError> {
+        if self.match_token(&[TokenType::Xor]) {
+            let op = self.previous().clone();
+            let right = self.unary()?;
+            return Ok(Expr::AddrOf {
+                op,
+                expr: Box::new(right),
+            });
+        }
         if self.match_token(&[TokenType::Bang, TokenType::Minus]) {
             let op = self.previous().clone();
             let right = self.unary()?;

src/std.zr

@@ -1,424 +0,0 @@
-func dbg.panic[msg: String] : Void
-    c.printf("PANIC: %s\n", msg)
-    c.exit(1)
-
-func mem.alloc[x: I64] : Ptr
-    return c.malloc(x)
-
-func mem.free[x: Ptr] : Void
-    c.free(x)
-
-func mem.zero[x: I64, size: I64] : Void
-    c.memset(x, 0, size)
-
-func mem.read8[x: Ptr] : U8
-    return _builtin_read8(x)
-
-func mem.read64[x: Ptr] : I64
-    return _builtin_read64(x)
-
-func mem.write8[x: Ptr, d: U8] : Void
-    _builtin_set8(x, d)
-
-func mem.write64[x: Ptr, d: I64] : Void
-    _builtin_set64(x, d)
-
-func io.print[x: String] : Void
-    c.puts(x)
-
-func io.print_i64[x: I64] : Void
-    c.printf("%ld\n", x)
-
-func io.read_stdin[]: String
-    let buffer: String = mem.alloc(1025)
-    let n: I64 = c.read(0, buffer, 1024)
-    if n < 0
-        return ""
-    str.set(buffer, n, 0)
-    return buffer
-
-func io.read_file[path: String]: String
-    let file: Ptr = c.fopen(path, "rb")
-    if !file
-        dbg.panic("failed to open file")
-
-    c.fseek(file, 0, 2)
-    let size: I64 = c.ftell(file)
-    c.rewind(file)
-
-    let buffer: String = mem.alloc(size + 1)
-
-    // TODO: check if works with huge files
-    let n: I64 = c.fread(buffer, 1, size, file)
-    str.set(buffer, n, 0)
-    c.fclose(file)
-    return buffer
-
-func io.write_file[path: String, content: String] : Void
-    let file: Ptr = c.fopen(path, "wb")
-    if !file
-        dbg.panic("failed to open file")
-
-    c.fwrite(content, 1, str.len(content), file)
-    c.fclose(file)
-
-func str.len[s: String] : I64
-    return c.strlen(s)
-
-func str.nth[s: String, n: I64] : U8
-    return mem.read8(s + n)
-
-func str.copy[s: String] : String
-    let size: I64 = str.len(s) + 1
-    let dup: String = mem.alloc(size)
-    for i in 0..size+1
-        str.set(dup, i, str.nth(s, i))
-    return dup
-
-func str.set[s: String, n: I64, c: U8] : Void
-    mem.write8(s+n, c)
-
-func str.equal[a: String, b: String] : Bool
-    return c.strcmp(a, b) == 0
-
-func str.is_whitespace[x: U8] : Bool
-    return x == ' ' | x == 10 | x == 13 | x == 9
-
-func str.concat[a: String, b: String] : String
-    let out: String = mem.alloc(str.len(a) + str.len(b) + 1)
-    c.strcpy(out, a)
-    c.strcat(out, b)
-    return out
-
-func str.find[s: String, c: U8] : I64
-    let s_len: I64 = str.len(s)
-    for i in 0..s_len
-        if str.nth(s, i) == c
-            return i
-    return -1
-
-func str.substr[s: String, start: I64, length: I64] : String
-    if start < 0 | length < 0 | start + length > str.len(s)
-        dbg.panic("str.substr out of bounds")
-
-    let out: String = mem.alloc(length + 1)
-    c.strncpy(out, s + start, length)
-    str.set(out, length, 0)
-    return out
-
-func str.trim[s: String] : String
-    let start: I64 = 0
-    let end: I64 = str.len(s) - 1
-
-    while start <= end & str.is_whitespace(str.nth(s, start))
-        start = start + 1
-
-    while end >= start & str.is_whitespace(str.nth(s, end))
-        end = end - 1
-
-    return str.substr(s, start, end - start + 1)
-
-func str.split[haystack: String, needle: String]: Array
-    let haystack_len: I64 = str.len(haystack)
-    let needle_len: I64 = str.len(needle)
-    let result: Array = []
-    
-    if !needle_len
-        if !haystack_len
-            return result
-        else
-            for i in 0..haystack_len
-                array.push(result, str.substr(haystack, i, 1))
-            return result
-
-    let start: I64 = 0
-    let i: I64 = 0
-    while i < haystack_len
-        if i <= haystack_len - needle_len
-            let match: Bool = true
-            for j in 0..needle_len
-                if str.nth(haystack, i+j) != str.nth(needle, j)
-                    match = false
-                    break
-            if match
-                array.push(result, str.substr(haystack, start, i - start))
-                start = i + needle_len
-                i = i + needle_len
-                continue
-        i = i + 1
-
-    array.push(result, str.substr(haystack, start, haystack_len - start))
-    return result
-
-func str.reverse[s: String] : String
-    let len: I64 = str.len(s)
-    let out: String = mem.alloc(len + 1)
-
-    for i in 0..len
-        str.set(out, i, str.nth(s, len - i - 1))
-    str.set(out, len, 0)
-    return out
-
-func str.from_i64[n: I64] : String
-    let x: String = mem.alloc(21)
-    c.snprintf(x, 21, "%ld", n)
-    return x
-
-func str.parse_i64[s: String] : I64
-    return c.strtol(s, 0, 0)
-
-func str.hex_encode[s: String] : String
-    let hex_chars: String = "0123456789abcdef"
-    let s_len: I64 = str.len(s)
-    let j: I64 = 0
-    let out: String = mem.alloc(s_len*2+1)
-
-    for i in 0..s_len
-        let high: U8 = (str.nth(s, i) >> 4) & 15
-        let low: U8 = str.nth(s, i) & 15
-        str.set(out, j, str.nth(hex_chars, high))
-        str.set(out, j+1, str.nth(hex_chars, low))
-        j = j + 2
-
-    str.set(out, j, 0)
-    return out
-
-func str._from_hex_digit[d: U8] : I64
-    if d >= 'a' & d <= 'f'
-        return d - 'a' + 10
-    if d >= 'A' & d <= 'F'
-        return d - 'A' + 10
-    return d - '0'
-
-func str.hex_decode[s: String] : String
-    let s_len: I64 = str.len(s)
-    let i: I64 = 0
-    let j: I64 = 0
-    let out: String = mem.alloc(s_len/2+1)
-
-    while i < s_len
-        str.set(out, j, str._from_hex_digit(str.nth(s, i)) * 16 + str._from_hex_digit(str.nth(s, i+1)))
-        i = i + 2
-        j = j + 1
-
-    str.set(out, j, 0)
-    return out
-
-func math.gcd[a: I64, b: I64] : I64
-    while b != 0
-        let tmp: I64 = b
-        b = a % b
-        a = tmp
-    return a
-
-func math.min[a: I64, b: I64] : I64
-    if a < b
-        return a
-    return b
-
-func math.max[a: I64, b: I64] : I64
-    if a > b
-        return a
-    return b
-
-func math.abs[n: I64] : I64
-    if n < 0
-        return -n
-    return n
-
-func math.pow[b: I64, e: I64] : I64
-    let out: I64 = 1
-    for i in 0..e
-        out = out * b
-    return out
-
-func math.lcm[a: I64, b: I64] : I64
-    return (a * b) / math.gcd(a, b)
-
-func math.isqrt[n: I64] : I64
-    if n < 0
-        return -1
-    if n == 0 | n == 1
-        return n
-
-    let guess: I64 = n
-    let next_guess: I64 = (guess + n / guess) / 2
-
-    while next_guess < guess
-        guess = next_guess
-        next_guess = (guess + n / guess) / 2
-
-    return guess
-
-func math.is_prime[n: I64]: Bool
-    if n <= 1
-        return false
-    if n == 2 | n == 3
-        return true
-    if n % 2 == 0 | n % 3 == 0
-        return false
-
-    let i: I64 = 5
-    while i * i <= n
-        if n % i == 0 | n % (i + 2) == 0
-            return false
-        i = i + 6
-    return true
-
-func math.urandom[]: I64
-    let buffer: Ptr = mem.alloc(8)
-    let file: Ptr = c.fopen("/dev/urandom", "rb")
-    c.fread(buffer, 8, 1, file)
-    c.fclose(file)
-    let n: I64 = mem.read64(buffer)
-    mem.free(buffer)
-    return n
-
-func array.new[] : Array
-    let arr: Ptr = mem.alloc(24)
-    mem.zero(arr, 24)
-    return arr
-
-func array.nth[xs: Array, n: I64] : I64
-    // this probably should be implemented in the codegen
-    if n < 0 | n >= array.size(xs)
-        dbg.panic("array.nth out of bounds")
-    return xs[n]
-
-func array.set[xs: Array, n: I64, x: I64] : Void
-    let data: Ptr = mem.read64(xs)
-    mem.write64(data+n*8, x)
-
-func array.push[xs: Array, x: I64] : Void
-    let data: Ptr = mem.read64(xs)
-    let capacity: I64 = mem.read64(xs+8)
-    let size: I64 = mem.read64(xs+16)
-
-    if size == capacity
-        let new_capacity: I64 = 4
-        if capacity != 0
-            new_capacity = capacity * 2
-        let new_data: Ptr = c.realloc(data, new_capacity * 8)
-        mem.write64(xs, new_data)
-        mem.write64(xs+8, new_capacity)
-        data = new_data
-
-    mem.write64(data+size*8, x)
-    mem.write64(xs+16, size + 1)
-
-func array.size[xs: Array] : I64
-    return mem.read64(xs+16)
-
-func array.free[xs: Array] : Void
-    let data: Ptr = mem.read64(xs)
-    if data != 0
-        mem.free(data)
-    mem.free(xs)
-
-func alg.quicksort[arr: Array] : Void
-    alg._do_quicksort(arr, 0, array.size(arr)-1)
-
-func alg._do_quicksort[arr: Array, low: I64, high: I64] : Void
-    if low < high
-        let i: I64 = alg._partition(arr, low, high)
-        alg._do_quicksort(arr, low, i - 1)
-        alg._do_quicksort(arr, i + 1, high)
-
-func alg._partition[arr: Array, low: I64, high: I64] : I64
-    let pivot: I64 = arr[high]
-    let i: I64 = low - 1
-    for j in (low)..high
-        if arr[j] <= pivot
-            i = i + 1
-            let temp: I64 = arr[i]
-            array.set(arr, i, arr[j])
-            array.set(arr, j, temp)
-    let temp: I64 = arr[i + 1]
-    array.set(arr, i + 1, arr[high])
-    array.set(arr, high, temp)
-    return i + 1
-
-func os.exit[code: I64] : Void
-    c.exit(code)
-
-func os.time[] : I64
-    let tv: Ptr = mem.alloc(16)
-    c.gettimeofday(tv, 0)
-    let seconds: I64 = mem.read64(tv)
-    let microseconds: I64 = mem.read64(tv+8)
-    mem.free(tv)
-    return seconds * 1000 + microseconds / 1000
-
-func os.listdir[path: String] : Array
-    let dir: Ptr = c.opendir(path)
-    let files: Array = []
-
-    while true
-        let entry: Ptr = c.readdir(dir)
-        if entry == 0
-            break
-
-        let skip: Bool = false
-        if mem.read8(entry + 19) == '.'
-            if mem.read8(entry + 20) == 0
-                skip = true
-            else if mem.read8(entry + 20) == '.'
-                if mem.read8(entry + 21) == 0
-                    skip = true
-
-        if !skip
-            array.push(files, str.copy(entry + 19))
-    c.closedir(dir)
-    return files
-
-func net.listen[port: I64] : I64
-    let s: I64 = c.socket(2, 1, 0)
-    if s < 0
-        return -1
-
-    let sa: Ptr = mem.alloc(16)
-    mem.zero(sa, 16)
-    mem.write8(sa + 0, 2)
-    mem.write8(sa + 1, 0)
-    mem.write8(sa + 2, (port >> 8) & 255)
-    mem.write8(sa + 3, port & 255)
-
-    if c.bind(s, sa, 16) < 0
-        c.close(s)
-        return -1
-    mem.free(sa)
-
-    if c.listen(s, 1) < 0
-        c.close(s)
-        return -1
-    
-    return s
-
-func net.connect[host: String, port: I64] : I64
-    let he: Ptr = c.gethostbyname(host)
-    if he == 0
-        return -1
-
-    let ip_ptr: Ptr = mem.read64(mem.read64(he + 24))
-
-    let s: I64 = c.socket(2, 1, 0)
-    if s < 0
-        return -1
-
-    let sa: Ptr = mem.alloc(16)
-    mem.zero(sa, 16)
-    mem.write8(sa + 0, 2)
-    mem.write8(sa + 2, (port >> 8) & 255)
-    mem.write8(sa + 3, port & 255)
-    mem.write8(sa + 4, mem.read8(ip_ptr + 0))
-    mem.write8(sa + 5, mem.read8(ip_ptr + 1))
-    mem.write8(sa + 6, mem.read8(ip_ptr + 2))
-    mem.write8(sa + 7, mem.read8(ip_ptr + 3))
-
-    if c.connect(s, sa, 16) < 0
-        mem.free(sa)
-        c.close(s)
-        return -1
-
-    mem.free(sa)
-    return s

src/std/crypto.zr

@@ -0,0 +1,406 @@
+func crypto.rotl32[x: i64, r: i64] : i64
+    return ((x << r) | (x >> (32 - r))) & 0xffffffff
+
+func crypto.rotr64[x: i64, y: i64] : i64
+    y = y & 63
+    if y == 0
+        return x
+    let lhs_mask: i64 = ((1 << (64 - y)) - 1)
+    let r: i64 = (x >> y) & lhs_mask
+    let l: i64 = (x << (64 - y))
+    return (r | l)
+
+func crypto.blake2b._G[v: ptr, a: i64, b: i64, c: i64, d: i64, x: i64, y: i64] : void
+    mem.write64(v + a * 8, mem.read64(v + a * 8) + mem.read64(v + b * 8) + x)
+    mem.write64(v + d * 8, crypto.rotr64(mem.read64(v + d * 8) ^ mem.read64(v + a * 8), 32))
+    mem.write64(v + c * 8, mem.read64(v + c * 8) + mem.read64(v + d * 8))
+    mem.write64(v + b * 8, crypto.rotr64(mem.read64(v + b * 8) ^ mem.read64(v + c * 8), 24))
+    mem.write64(v + a * 8, mem.read64(v + a * 8) + mem.read64(v + b * 8) + y)
+    mem.write64(v + d * 8, crypto.rotr64(mem.read64(v + d * 8) ^ mem.read64(v + a * 8), 16))
+    mem.write64(v + c * 8, mem.read64(v + c * 8) + mem.read64(v + d * 8))
+    mem.write64(v + b * 8, crypto.rotr64(mem.read64(v + b * 8) ^ mem.read64(v + c * 8), 63))
+
+func crypto.blake2b._compress[h: ptr, block: ptr, t0: i64, t1: i64, last: i64, iv: array] : void
+    let v: ptr = mem.alloc(16 * 8)
+    let m: ptr = mem.alloc(16 * 8)
+    // https://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/108987/rationale-for-blake2-message-schedule
+    let sigma: array = [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,14,10,4,8,9,15,13,6,1,12,0,2,11,7,5,3,11,8,12,0,5,2,15,13,10,14,3,6,7,1,9,4,7,9,3,1,13,12,11,14,2,6,5,10,4,0,15,8,9,0,5,7,2,4,10,15,14,1,11,12,6,8,3,13,2,12,6,10,0,11,8,3,4,13,7,5,15,14,1,9,12,5,1,15,14,13,4,10,0,7,6,3,9,2,8,11,13,11,7,14,12,1,3,9,5,0,15,4,8,6,2,10,6,15,14,9,11,3,0,8,12,2,13,7,1,4,10,5,10,2,8,4,7,6,1,5,15,11,9,14,3,12,13,0,0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,14,10,4,8,9,15,13,6,1,12,0,2,11,7,5,3]
+
+    for j in 0..8
+        mem.write64(v + j * 8, mem.read64(h + j * 8))
+        mem.write64(v + (j + 8) * 8, array.nth(iv, j))
+
+    mem.write64(v + 12 * 8, mem.read64(v + 12 * 8) ^ t0)
+    mem.write64(v + 13 * 8, mem.read64(v + 13 * 8) ^ t1)
+    if last
+        mem.write64(v + 14 * 8, mem.read64(v + 14 * 8) ^ 0xffffffffffffffff)
+
+    for j in 0..16
+        let w = 0
+        for k in 0..8
+            w = w | ((block[j * 8 + k] & 0xff) << (8 * k))
+        mem.write64(m + j * 8, w)
+
+    for r in 0..12
+        let base: i64 = r * 16
+        crypto.blake2b._G(v, 0, 4, 8, 12, mem.read64(m + array.nth(sigma, base + 0) * 8), mem.read64(m + array.nth(sigma, base + 1) * 8))
+        crypto.blake2b._G(v, 1, 5, 9, 13, mem.read64(m + array.nth(sigma, base + 2) * 8), mem.read64(m + array.nth(sigma, base + 3) * 8))
+        crypto.blake2b._G(v, 2, 6, 10, 14, mem.read64(m + array.nth(sigma, base + 4) * 8), mem.read64(m + array.nth(sigma, base + 5) * 8))
+        crypto.blake2b._G(v, 3, 7, 11, 15, mem.read64(m + array.nth(sigma, base + 6) * 8), mem.read64(m + array.nth(sigma, base + 7) * 8))
+        crypto.blake2b._G(v, 0, 5, 10, 15, mem.read64(m + array.nth(sigma, base + 8) * 8), mem.read64(m + array.nth(sigma, base + 9) * 8))
+        crypto.blake2b._G(v, 1, 6, 11, 12, mem.read64(m + array.nth(sigma, base + 10) * 8), mem.read64(m + array.nth(sigma, base + 11) * 8))
+        crypto.blake2b._G(v, 2, 7, 8, 13, mem.read64(m + array.nth(sigma, base + 12) * 8), mem.read64(m + array.nth(sigma, base + 13) * 8))
+        crypto.blake2b._G(v, 3, 4, 9, 14, mem.read64(m + array.nth(sigma, base + 14) * 8), mem.read64(m + array.nth(sigma, base + 15) * 8))
+
+    for j in 0..8
+        mem.write64(h + j * 8, mem.read64(h + j * 8) ^ (mem.read64(v + j * 8) ^ mem.read64(v + (j + 8) * 8)))
+    
+    mem.free(v)
+    mem.free(m)
+    array.free(sigma)
+
+func crypto.blake2b.hash[outlen: i64, key: ptr, keylen: i64, input: ptr, inputlen: i64] : ptr
+    if outlen == 0 || outlen > 64 || keylen > 64
+        dbg.panic("invalid length passed to crypto.blake2b.hash")
+    let out: ptr = mem.alloc(outlen)
+    
+    // IV[i] = floor(2**w * frac(sqrt(prime(i+1)))), where prime(i)
+    // is the i:th prime number ( 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19 )
+    // and sqrt(x) is the square root of x.
+    // https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc7693#section-2.6
+    let iv: array = [0x6a09e667f3bcc908, 0xbb67ae8584caa73b, 0x3c6ef372fe94f82b, 0xa54ff53a5f1d36f1, 0x510e527fade682d1, 0x9b05688c2b3e6c1f, 0x1f83d9abfb41bd6b, 0x5be0cd19137e2179]
+    
+    let h: ptr = mem.alloc(8 * 8)
+    let t0 = 0
+    let t1 = 0
+    let block: ptr = mem.alloc(128)
+    let c = 0
+
+    for i in 0..8
+        mem.write64(h + i * 8, array.nth(iv, i))
+
+    mem.write64(h, mem.read64(h) ^ (0x01010000 ^ ((keylen << 8) ^ outlen)))
+
+    if keylen > 0
+        for i in 0..keylen
+            mem.write8(block + i, key[i])
+        for i in (keylen)..128
+            mem.write8(block + i, 0)
+        c = 128
+    else
+        c = 0
+    
+    for i in 0..inputlen
+        if c == 128
+            t0 = t0 + c
+            if t0 < c
+                t1 = t1 + 1
+            crypto.blake2b._compress(h, block, t0, t1, 0, iv)
+            c = 0
+        mem.write8(block + c, input[i])
+        c = c + 1
+    
+    t0 = t0 + c
+    if t0 < c
+        t1 = t1 + 1
+    
+    if c < 128
+        for i in (c)..128
+            mem.write8(block + i, 0)
+    crypto.blake2b._compress(h, block, t0, t1, 1, iv)
+
+    for i in 0..outlen
+        mem.write8(out + i, ((mem.read64(h + (i >> 3) * 8) >> (8 * (i & 7))) & 0xff))
+
+    mem.free(h)
+    mem.free(block)
+    array.free(iv)
+    return out
+
+func crypto.chacha20._quarter_round[state: ptr, a: i64, b: i64, c: i64, d: i64] : void
+    let va: i64 = mem.read32(state + a * 4)
+    let vb: i64 = mem.read32(state + b * 4)
+    let vc: i64 = mem.read32(state + c * 4)
+    let vd: i64 = mem.read32(state + d * 4)
+    va = (va + vb) & 0xffffffff
+    vd = vd ^ va
+    vd = crypto.rotl32(vd, 16)
+    vc = (vc + vd) & 0xffffffff
+    vb = vb ^ vc
+    vb = crypto.rotl32(vb, 12)
+    va = (va + vb) & 0xffffffff
+    vd = vd ^ va
+    vd = crypto.rotl32(vd, 8)
+    vc = (vc + vd) & 0xffffffff
+    vb = vb ^ vc
+    vb = crypto.rotl32(vb, 7)
+    mem.write32(state + a * 4, va)
+    mem.write32(state + b * 4, vb)
+    mem.write32(state + c * 4, vc)
+    mem.write32(state + d * 4, vd)
+
+func crypto.xchacha20._permute[state: ptr] : void
+    for i in 0..10
+        crypto.chacha20._quarter_round(state, 0, 4, 8, 12)
+        crypto.chacha20._quarter_round(state, 1, 5, 9, 13)
+        crypto.chacha20._quarter_round(state, 2, 6, 10, 14)
+        crypto.chacha20._quarter_round(state, 3, 7, 11, 15)
+        crypto.chacha20._quarter_round(state, 0, 5, 10, 15)
+        crypto.chacha20._quarter_round(state, 1, 6, 11, 12)
+        crypto.chacha20._quarter_round(state, 2, 7, 8, 13)
+        crypto.chacha20._quarter_round(state, 3, 4, 9, 14)
+
+func crypto.xchacha20._block[key: ptr, nonce: ptr, blocknum: i64, out: ptr] : void
+    let sigma: str = "expand 32-byte k"
+    let state: ptr = mem.alloc(16 * 4)
+
+    mem.write32(state + 0, mem.read32(sigma + 0))
+    mem.write32(state + 4, mem.read32(sigma + 4))
+    mem.write32(state + 8, mem.read32(sigma + 8))
+    mem.write32(state + 12, mem.read32(sigma + 12))
+
+    for i in 0..8
+        mem.write32(state + (4 + i) * 4, mem.read32(key + i * 4))
+
+    mem.write32(state + 12 * 4, blocknum)
+    mem.write32(state + 13 * 4, mem.read32(nonce + 0))
+    mem.write32(state + 14 * 4, mem.read32(nonce + 4))
+    mem.write32(state + 15 * 4, mem.read32(nonce + 8))
+
+    let working: ptr = mem.alloc(16 * 4)
+    for i in 0..16
+        mem.write32(working + i * 4, mem.read32(state + i * 4))
+
+    crypto.xchacha20._permute(working)
+
+    for i in 0..16
+        let v: i64 = (mem.read32(working + i * 4) + mem.read32(state + i * 4)) & 0xffffffff
+        mem.write32(out + i * 4, v)
+    mem.free(working)
+    mem.free(state)
+
+func crypto.xchacha20._hchacha20[key: ptr, input: ptr, out32: ptr] : void
+    let sigma: str = "expand 32-byte k"
+    let state: ptr = mem.alloc(16 * 4)
+
+    mem.write32(state + 0, mem.read32(sigma + 0))
+    mem.write32(state + 4, mem.read32(sigma + 4))
+    mem.write32(state + 8, mem.read32(sigma + 8))
+    mem.write32(state + 12, mem.read32(sigma + 12))
+
+    for i in 0..8
+        mem.write32(state + (4 + i) * 4, mem.read32(key + i * 4))
+
+    for i in 0..4
+        mem.write32(state + (12 + i) * 4, mem.read32(input + i * 4))
+
+    crypto.xchacha20._permute(state)
+
+    for i in 0..4
+        mem.write32(out32 + i * 4, mem.read32(state + i * 4))
+    for i in 0..4
+        mem.write32(out32 + 16 + i * 4, mem.read32(state + (12 + i) * 4))
+    mem.free(state)
+
+func crypto.xchacha20._stream[key: ptr, nonce: ptr, out: ptr, len: i64] : void
+    let subkey: ptr = mem.alloc(32)
+    crypto.xchacha20._hchacha20(key, nonce, subkey)
+
+    let nonce12: ptr = mem.alloc(12)
+    for i in 0..12
+        mem.write8(nonce12 + i, 0)
+    for i in 0..8
+        mem.write8(nonce12 + 4 + i, nonce[16 + i])
+
+    let blocknum = 0
+    let remaining: i64 = len
+    let block: ptr = mem.alloc(64)
+
+    while remaining > 0
+        crypto.xchacha20._block(subkey, nonce12, blocknum, block)
+        let take = 64
+        if remaining < 64
+            take = remaining
+        for i in 0..take
+            mem.write8(out + (len - remaining) + i, block[i])
+        remaining = remaining - take
+        blocknum = blocknum + 1
+    mem.free(block)
+    mem.free(nonce12)
+    mem.free(subkey)
+
+func crypto.xchacha20.xor[key: ptr, nonce: ptr, input: ptr, len: i64] : ptr
+    if len <= 0
+        let out: ptr = mem.alloc(1)
+        mem.write8(out, 0)
+        return out
+    let out: ptr = mem.alloc(len)
+    let ks: ptr = mem.alloc(len)
+    crypto.xchacha20._stream(key, nonce, ks, len)
+    for i in 0..len
+        mem.write8(out + i, input[i] ^ ks[i])
+    mem.free(ks)
+    return out
+
+func crypto.x25519.carry[elem: ptr] : void
+    for i in 0..16
+        let carry: i64 = mem.read64(elem + i * 8) >> 16
+        mem.write64(elem + i * 8, mem.read64(elem + i * 8) - (carry << 16))
+        if i < 15
+            mem.write64(elem + (i + 1) * 8, mem.read64(elem + (i + 1) * 8) + carry)
+        else
+            mem.write64(elem, mem.read64(elem) + 38 * carry)
+
+func crypto.x25519.fadd[out: ptr, a: ptr, b: ptr] : void
+    for i in 0..16
+        mem.write64(out + i * 8, mem.read64(a + i * 8) + mem.read64(b + i * 8))
+
+func crypto.x25519.fsub[out: ptr, a: ptr, b: ptr] : void
+    for i in 0..16
+        mem.write64(out + i * 8, mem.read64(a + i * 8) - mem.read64(b + i * 8))
+
+func crypto.x25519.fmul[out: ptr, a: ptr, b: ptr] : void
+    let product: ptr = mem.alloc(31 * 8)
+    for i in 0..31
+        mem.write64(product + i * 8, 0)
+    for i in 0..16
+        for j in 0..16
+            mem.write64(product + (i + j) * 8, mem.read64(product + (i + j) * 8) + (mem.read64(a + i * 8) * mem.read64(b + j * 8)))
+    for i in 0..15
+        mem.write64(product + i * 8, mem.read64(product + i * 8) + 38 * mem.read64(product + (i + 16) * 8))
+    for i in 0..16
+        mem.write64(out + i * 8, mem.read64(product + i * 8))
+
+    crypto.x25519.carry(out)
+    crypto.x25519.carry(out)
+    mem.free(product)
+
+func crypto.x25519.finverse[out: ptr, input: ptr] : void
+    let c: ptr = mem.alloc(16 * 8)
+    for i in 0..16
+        mem.write64(c + i * 8, mem.read64(input + i * 8))
+    
+    let i = 253
+    while i >= 0
+        crypto.x25519.fmul(c, c, c)
+        if i != 2 && i != 4
+            crypto.x25519.fmul(c, c, input)
+        i = i - 1
+
+    for i in 0..16
+        mem.write64(out + i * 8, mem.read64(c + i * 8))
+    mem.free(c)
+
+func crypto.x25519.swap[p: ptr, q: ptr, bit: i64] : void
+    for i in 0..16
+        let t: i64 = (-bit) & (mem.read64(p + i * 8) ^ mem.read64(q + i * 8))
+        mem.write64(p + i * 8, mem.read64(p + i * 8) ^ t)
+        mem.write64(q + i * 8, mem.read64(q + i * 8) ^ t)
+
+func crypto.x25519.unpack[out: ptr, input: ptr] : void
+    for i in 0..16
+        mem.write64(out + i * 8, input[i * 2] + (input[i * 2 + 1] << 8))
+    mem.write64(out + 8 * 15, mem.read64(out + 8 * 15) & 0x7fff)
+
+func crypto.x25519.pack[out: ptr, input: ptr] : void
+    let t: ptr = mem.alloc(16 * 8)
+    for i in 0..16
+        mem.write64(t + i * 8, mem.read64(input + i * 8))
+    let m: ptr = mem.alloc(16 * 8)
+
+    crypto.x25519.carry(t)
+    crypto.x25519.carry(t)
+    crypto.x25519.carry(t)
+    for j in 0..2
+        mem.write64(m, mem.read64(t) - 0xffed)
+        for i in 1..15
+            mem.write64(m + i * 8, mem.read64(t + i * 8) - 0xffff - ((mem.read64(m + (i - 1) * 8) >> 16) & 1))
+            mem.write64(m + (i - 1) * 8, mem.read64(m + (i - 1) * 8) & 0xffff)
+        mem.write64(m + 15 * 8, mem.read64(t + 15 * 8) - 0x7fff - ((mem.read64(m + 14 * 8) >> 16) & 1))
+        let carry: i64 = (mem.read64(m + 15 * 8) >> 16) & 1
+        mem.write64(m + 14 * 8, mem.read64(m + 14 * 8) & 0xffff)
+        crypto.x25519.swap(t, m, 1 - carry)
+    
+    for i in 0..16
+        let v: i64 = mem.read64(t + i * 8)
+        mem.write8(out + i * 2, v & 0xff)
+        mem.write8(out + i * 2 + 1, (v >> 8) & 0xff)
+
+    mem.free(t)
+    mem.free(m)
+
+func crypto.x25519.scalarmult[scalar: ptr, point: ptr] : ptr
+    let clamped: ptr = mem.alloc(32)
+    let a: ptr = mem.alloc(16 * 8)
+    let b: ptr = mem.alloc(16 * 8)
+    let c: ptr = mem.alloc(16 * 8)
+    let d: ptr = mem.alloc(16 * 8)
+    let e: ptr = mem.alloc(16 * 8)
+    let f: ptr = mem.alloc(16 * 8)
+    let x: ptr = mem.alloc(16 * 8)
+
+    let magic: ptr = mem.alloc(16 * 8)
+    mem.zero(magic, 16 * 8)
+    mem.write64(magic, 0xdb41) // 0xdb41 = 121665 = (486662 + 2)/4
+    mem.write64(magic + 8, 1)
+
+    // copy and clamp scalar
+    for i in 0..32
+        mem.write8(clamped + i, scalar[i])
+    mem.write8(clamped, clamped[0] & 0xf8)
+    mem.write8(clamped + 31, (clamped[31] & 0x7f) | 0x40)
+
+    // load point
+    crypto.x25519.unpack(x, point)
+
+    // initialize ladder state
+    for i in 0..16
+        mem.write64(a + i * 8, 0)
+        mem.write64(b + i * 8, mem.read64(x + i * 8))
+        mem.write64(c + i * 8, 0)
+        mem.write64(d + i * 8, 0)
+    mem.write64(a, 1)
+    mem.write64(d, 1)
+
+    let i = 254
+    while i >= 0
+        let bit: i64 = (clamped[i >> 3] >> (i & 7)) & 1
+        crypto.x25519.swap(a, b, bit)
+        crypto.x25519.swap(c, d, bit)
+        crypto.x25519.fadd(e, a, c)
+        crypto.x25519.fsub(a, a, c)
+        crypto.x25519.fadd(c, b, d)
+        crypto.x25519.fsub(b, b, d)
+        crypto.x25519.fmul(d, e, e)
+        crypto.x25519.fmul(f, a, a)
+        crypto.x25519.fmul(a, c, a)
+        crypto.x25519.fmul(c, b, e)
+        crypto.x25519.fadd(e, a, c)
+        crypto.x25519.fsub(a, a, c)
+        crypto.x25519.fmul(b, a, a)
+        crypto.x25519.fsub(c, d, f)
+        crypto.x25519.fmul(a, c, magic)
+        crypto.x25519.fadd(a, a, d)
+        crypto.x25519.fmul(c, c, a)
+        crypto.x25519.fmul(a, d, f)
+        crypto.x25519.fmul(d, b, x)
+        crypto.x25519.fmul(b, e, e)
+        crypto.x25519.swap(a, b, bit)
+        crypto.x25519.swap(c, d, bit)
+        i = i - 1
+
+    crypto.x25519.finverse(c, c)
+    crypto.x25519.fmul(a, a, c)
+    let out: ptr = mem.alloc(32)
+    crypto.x25519.pack(out, a)
+
+    mem.free(clamped)
+    mem.free(a)
+    mem.free(b)
+    mem.free(c)
+    mem.free(d)
+    mem.free(e)
+    mem.free(f)
+    mem.free(x)
+    mem.free(magic)
+    return out

src/std/std.zr

@@ -0,0 +1,668 @@
+extern malloc
+extern realloc
+extern free
+extern gethostbyname
+
+func dbg.panic[msg: str] : void
+    io.print("PANIC: ")
+    io.println(msg)
+    0/0 // crashes program which is kinda better since you get a gdb backtrace
+    os.exit(1)
+
+func mem.alloc[x: i64] : ptr
+    return malloc(x)
+
+func mem.free[x: ptr] : void
+    free(x)
+
+func mem.zero[x: i64, size: i64] : void
+    for i in 0..size
+        mem.write8(x + i, 0)
+
+func mem.read8[x: ptr] : u8
+    return x[0]
+
+func mem.read16[x: ptr] : i64
+    return x[0] | (x[1] << 8)
+
+func mem.read32[x: ptr] : i64
+    return x[0] | (x[1] << 8) | (x[2] << 16) | (x[3] << 24)
+
+func mem.read64[x: ptr] : i64
+    return _builtin_read64(x)
+
+func mem.write8[x: ptr, d: u8] : void
+    _builtin_set8(x, d)
+
+func mem.write32[x: ptr, d: i64] : void
+    mem.write8(x, d & 0xff)
+    mem.write8(x + 1, (d >> 8) & 0xff)
+    mem.write8(x + 2, (d >> 16) & 0xff)
+    mem.write8(x + 3, (d >> 24) & 0xff)
+
+func mem.write64[x: ptr, d: i64] : void
+    _builtin_set64(x, d)
+
+func io.print_sized[x: str, size: i64] : void
+    _builtin_syscall(SYS_write, 1, x, size)
+
+func io.print[x: str] : void
+    io.print_sized(x, str.len(x))
+
+func io.println[x: str] : void
+    io.print(x)
+    io.print("\n")
+
+func io.print_char[x: u8] : void
+    io.print_sized(^x, 1)
+
+func io.print_i64[x: i64] : void
+    let s: str = str.from_i64(x)
+    io.print(s)
+    mem.free(s)
+
+func io.println_i64[x: i64] : void
+    let s: str = str.from_i64(x)
+    io.println(s)
+    mem.free(s)
+
+func io.read_char[] : u8
+    let c: u8 = 0
+    _builtin_syscall(SYS_read, 0, ^c, 1)
+    return c
+
+func io.read_line[]: str
+    let MAX_SIZE = 60000
+    let buffer: str = mem.alloc(MAX_SIZE + 1)
+    let n: i64 = _builtin_syscall(SYS_read, 0, buffer, MAX_SIZE)
+    if n < 0
+        return ""
+    str.set(buffer, n, 0)
+    return buffer
+
+func io.read_file[path: str]: str
+    let fd: i64 = _builtin_syscall(SYS_openat, -100, path, 0, 0)
+    if fd <= 0
+        dbg.panic("failed to open file")
+
+    let size: i64 = _builtin_syscall(SYS_lseek, fd, 0, 2)
+    _builtin_syscall(SYS_lseek, fd, 0, 0)
+
+    let buffer: str = mem.alloc(size + 1)
+    let n: i64 = _builtin_syscall(SYS_read, fd, buffer, size)
+    str.set(buffer, n, 0)
+    _builtin_syscall(SYS_close, fd)
+    return buffer
+
+func io.write_file[path: str, content: str] : void
+    let fd: ptr = _builtin_syscall(SYS_openat, -100, path, 0x241, 0o644)
+    if fd < 0
+        dbg.panic("failed to open file")
+
+    _builtin_syscall(SYS_write, fd, content, str.len(content))
+    _builtin_syscall(SYS_close, fd)
+
+func str.len[s: str] : i64
+    let i = 0
+    while s[i]
+        i = i + 1
+    return i
+
+func str.copy[s: str] : str
+    let size: i64 = str.len(s) + 1
+    let dup: str = mem.alloc(size)
+    for i in 0..size
+        str.set(dup, i, s[i])
+    return dup
+
+func str.set[s: str, n: i64, c: u8] : void
+    mem.write8(s + n, c)
+
+func str.equal[a: str, b: str] : bool
+    let i = 0
+    while a[i] != 0 && b[i] != 0
+        if a[i] != b[i]
+            return false
+        i = i + 1
+    return a[i] == b[i]
+
+func str.is_whitespace[x: u8] : bool
+    return x == ' ' || x == 10 || x == 13 || x == 9
+
+func str.is_digit[x: u8] : bool
+    return x >= '0' && x <= '9'
+
+func str.is_hex_digit[x: u8] : bool
+    return (x >= '0' && x <= '9') || (x >= 'a' && x <= 'f') || (x >= 'A' && x <= 'F')
+
+func str.is_lowercase[x: u8] : bool
+    return x >= 'a' && x <= 'z'
+
+func str.is_uppercase[x: u8] : bool
+    return x >= 'A' && x <= 'Z'
+
+func str.is_letter[x: u8] : bool
+    return str.is_uppercase(x) || str.is_lowercase(x)
+
+func str.is_alphanumeric[x: u8] : bool
+    return str.is_letter(x) || str.is_digit(x)
+
+func str.concat[a: str, b: str] : str
+    let a_len: i64 = str.len(a)
+    let b_len: i64 = str.len(b)
+    let out: str = mem.alloc(a_len + b_len + 1)
+    for i in 0..a_len
+        str.set(out, i, a[i])
+    for i in 0..b_len
+        str.set(out, a_len + i, b[i])
+    str.set(out, a_len + b_len, 0)
+    return out
+
+func str.find[haystack: str, needle: str] : i64
+    let haystack_len: i64 = str.len(haystack)
+    let needle_len: i64 = str.len(needle)
+
+    if needle_len == 0
+        return 0
+
+    for i in 0..(haystack_len - needle_len + 1)
+        let match: bool = true
+        for j in 0..needle_len
+            if haystack[i + j] != needle[j]
+                match = false
+                break
+        if match
+            return i
+    return -1
+
+func str.substr[s: str, start: i64, length: i64] : str
+    if start < 0 || length < 0 || start + length > str.len(s)
+        dbg.panic("str.substr out of bounds")
+
+    let out: str = mem.alloc(length + 1)
+    for i in 0..length
+        str.set(out, i, s[start + i])
+    str.set(out, length, 0)
+    return out
+
+func str.trim[s: str] : str
+    let len: i64 = str.len(s)
+    if len == 0
+        return ""
+
+    let start = 0
+    let end: i64 = len - 1
+
+    while start <= end && str.is_whitespace(s[start])
+        start = start + 1
+
+    while end >= start && str.is_whitespace(s[end])
+        end = end - 1
+
+    return str.substr(s, start, end - start + 1)
+
+func str.split[haystack: str, needle: str]: array
+    let haystack_len: i64 = str.len(haystack)
+    let needle_len: i64 = str.len(needle)
+    let result: array = []
+    
+    if !needle_len
+        if !haystack_len
+            return result
+        else
+            for i in 0..haystack_len
+                array.push(result, str.substr(haystack, i, 1))
+            return result
+
+    let start = 0
+    let i = 0
+    while i < haystack_len
+        if i <= haystack_len - needle_len
+            let match: bool = true
+            for j in 0..needle_len
+                if haystack[i + j] != needle[j]
+                    match = false
+                    break
+            if match
+                array.push(result, str.substr(haystack, start, i - start))
+                start = i + needle_len
+                i = i + needle_len
+                continue
+        i = i + 1
+
+    array.push(result, str.substr(haystack, start, haystack_len - start))
+    return result
+
+func str.reverse[s: str] : str
+    let len: i64 = str.len(s)
+    let out: str = mem.alloc(len + 1)
+
+    for i in 0..len
+        str.set(out, i, s[len - i - 1])
+    str.set(out, len, 0)
+    return out
+
+// not sure this covers all wacky edge cases
+func str.from_i64[n: i64] : str
+    if n == 0
+        return str.copy("0")
+
+    let neg: bool = n < 0
+    if neg
+        n = -n
+    let buf: str = mem.alloc(21) // enough to fit -MAX_I64
+    let i = 0
+    while n > 0
+        let d: u8 = n % 10
+        str.set(buf, i, '0' + d)
+        n = n / 10
+        i = i + 1
+    if neg
+        str.set(buf, i, '-')
+        i = i + 1
+    str.set(buf, i, 0)
+    let s: str = str.reverse(buf)
+    mem.free(buf)
+    return s
+
+func str.from_char[c: u8] : str
+    let s: str = mem.alloc(2)
+    str.set(s, 0, c)
+    str.set(s, 1, 0)
+    return s
+
+func str.parse_i64[s: str] : i64
+    let len: i64 = str.len(s)
+    let i = 0
+
+    let sign = 1
+    if i < len && s[i] == '-'
+        sign = -1
+        i = i + 1
+
+    let num = 0
+    while i < len
+        let d: u8 = s[i]
+        if d < '0' || d > '9'
+            break
+        num = num * 10 + (d - '0')
+        i = i + 1
+    return num * sign
+
+func str.hex_encode[s: str, s_len: i64] : str
+    let hex_chars: str = "0123456789abcdef"
+    let j = 0
+    let out: str = mem.alloc(s_len * 2 + 1)
+
+    for i in 0..s_len
+        let high: u8 = (s[i] >> 4) & 15
+        let low: u8 = s[i] & 15
+        str.set(out, j, hex_chars[high])
+        str.set(out, j + 1, hex_chars[low])
+        j = j + 2
+
+    str.set(out, j, 0)
+    return out
+
+func str._hex_digit_to_int[d: u8] : i64
+    if d >= 'a' && d <= 'f'
+        return d - 'a' + 10
+    if d >= 'A' && d <= 'F'
+        return d - 'A' + 10
+    return d - '0'
+
+func str.hex_decode[s: str] : str
+    let s_len: i64 = str.len(s)
+    let i = 0
+    let j = 0
+    let out: str = mem.alloc(s_len / 2 + 1)
+
+    while i < s_len
+        str.set(out, j, str._hex_digit_to_int(s[i]) * 16 + str._hex_digit_to_int(s[i + 1]))
+        i = i + 2
+        j = j + 1
+
+    str.set(out, j, 0)
+    return out
+
+func math.gcd[a: i64, b: i64] : i64
+    while b != 0
+        let tmp: i64 = b
+        b = a % b
+        a = tmp
+    return a
+
+func math.min[a: i64, b: i64] : i64
+    if a < b
+        return a
+    return b
+
+func math.max[a: i64, b: i64] : i64
+    if a > b
+        return a
+    return b
+
+func math.abs[n: i64] : i64
+    if n < 0
+        return -n
+    return n
+
+func math.sign[n: i64] : i64
+    if n < 0
+        return -1
+    else if n > 0
+        return 1
+    else
+        return 0
+
+func math.pow[b: i64, e: i64] : i64
+    let out = 1
+    for i in 0..e
+        out = out * b
+    return out
+
+func math.lcm[a: i64, b: i64] : i64
+    return (a * b) / math.gcd(a, b)
+
+func math.isqrt[n: i64] : i64
+    if n < 0
+        dbg.panic("negative number passed to math.isqrt")
+    if n == 0 || n == 1
+        return n
+
+    let guess: i64 = n
+    let next_guess: i64 = (guess + n / guess) / 2
+
+    while next_guess < guess
+        guess = next_guess
+        next_guess = (guess + n / guess) / 2
+
+    return guess
+
+func math.is_prime[n: i64]: bool
+    if n <= 1
+        return false
+    if n == 2 || n == 3
+        return true
+    if n % 2 == 0 || n % 3 == 0
+        return false
+
+    let i = 5
+    while i * i <= n
+        if n % i == 0 || n % (i + 2) == 0
+            return false
+        i = i + 6
+    return true
+
+func array.new[] : array
+    // [ 8 bytes - ptr to data ] [ 8 bytes - size ] [ 8 bytes - capacity ]
+    let arr: ptr = mem.alloc(24)
+    mem.zero(arr, 24)
+    return arr
+
+func array.nth[xs: array, n: i64] : i64
+    if n < 0 || n >= array.size(xs)
+        dbg.panic("array.nth out of bounds")
+    let data: ptr = mem.read64(xs)
+    return mem.read64(data + n * 8)
+
+func array.set[xs: array, n: i64, x: i64] : void
+    if n < 0 || n >= array.size(xs)
+        dbg.panic("array.set out of bounds")
+    let data: ptr = mem.read64(xs)
+    mem.write64(data + n * 8, x)
+
+func array.push[xs: array, x: i64] : void
+    let data: ptr = mem.read64(xs)
+    let capacity: i64 = mem.read64(xs + 8)
+    let size: i64 = mem.read64(xs + 16)
+
+    if size == capacity
+        let new_capacity = 4
+        if capacity != 0
+            new_capacity = capacity * 2
+        let new_data: ptr = realloc(data, new_capacity * 8)
+        mem.write64(xs, new_data)
+        mem.write64(xs + 8, new_capacity)
+        data = new_data
+
+    mem.write64(data + size * 8, x)
+    mem.write64(xs + 16, size + 1)
+
+func array.size[xs: array] : i64
+    return mem.read64(xs + 16)
+
+func array.free[xs: array] : void
+    let data: ptr = mem.read64(xs)
+    if data != 0
+        mem.free(data)
+    mem.free(xs)
+
+func array.pop[xs: array] : i64
+    let size: i64 = array.size(xs)
+    if size == 0
+        dbg.panic("array.pop on empty array")
+    let x: i64 = array.nth(xs, size - 1)
+    mem.write64(xs + 16, size - 1)
+    return x
+
+func array.slice[xs: array, start: i64, length: i64] : array
+    if start < 0 || length < 0 || start + length > array.size(xs)
+        dbg.panic("array.slice out of bounds")
+
+    let new_array: array = []
+    for i in 0..length
+        array.push(new_array, array.nth(xs, start + i))
+    return new_array
+
+func array.concat[a: array, b: array] : array
+    let new_array: array = []
+    for i in 0..array.size(a)
+        array.push(new_array, array.nth(a, i))
+    for i in 0..array.size(b)
+        array.push(new_array, array.nth(b, i))
+    return new_array
+
+func alg.quicksort[arr: array] : void
+    alg._do_quicksort(arr, 0, array.size(arr) - 1)
+
+func alg._do_quicksort[arr: array, low: i64, high: i64] : void
+    if low < high
+        let i: i64 = alg._partition(arr, low, high)
+        alg._do_quicksort(arr, low, i - 1)
+        alg._do_quicksort(arr, i + 1, high)
+
+func alg._partition[arr: array, low: i64, high: i64] : i64
+    let pivot: i64 = array.nth(arr, high)
+    let i: i64 = low - 1
+    for j in (low)..high
+        if array.nth(arr, j) <= pivot
+            i = i + 1
+            let temp: i64 = array.nth(arr ,i)
+            array.set(arr, i, array.nth(arr, j))
+            array.set(arr, j, temp)
+    let temp: i64 = array.nth(arr, i + 1)
+    array.set(arr, i + 1, array.nth(arr, high))
+    array.set(arr, high, temp)
+    return i + 1
+
+func alg.count[arr: array, item: i64] : i64
+    let count = 0
+    let size: i64 = array.size(arr)
+    for i in 0..size
+        if array.nth(arr, i) == item
+            count = count + 1
+    return count
+
+func alg.map[arr: array, fn: ptr] : array
+    let out: array = []
+    for i in 0..array.size(arr)
+        array.push(out, fn(array.nth(arr, i)))
+    return out
+
+func alg.filter[arr: array, fn: ptr] : array
+    let out: array = []
+    for i in 0..array.size(arr)
+        if fn(array.nth(arr, i))
+            array.push(out, array.nth(arr, i))
+    return out
+
+func alg.reduce[arr: array, fn: ptr, acc: i64] : i64
+    for i in 0..array.size(arr)
+        acc = fn(acc, array.nth(arr, i))
+    return acc
+
+func os.exit[code: i64] : void
+    _builtin_syscall(SYS_exit, code)
+
+func os.urandom[n: i64]: ptr
+    let buffer: ptr = mem.alloc(n)
+    let fd: i64 = _builtin_syscall(SYS_openat, -100, "/dev/urandom", 0, 0)
+    _builtin_syscall(SYS_read, fd, buffer, n)
+    _builtin_syscall(SYS_close, fd)
+    return buffer
+
+func os.urandom_i64[]: i64
+    let buffer: ptr = os.urandom(8)
+    let n: i64 = mem.read64(buffer)
+    mem.free(buffer)
+    return n
+
+func os.time[] : i64
+    let tv: ptr = mem.alloc(16)
+    _builtin_syscall(SYS_gettimeofday, tv, 0)
+    let seconds: i64 = mem.read64(tv)
+    let microseconds: i64 = mem.read64(tv + 8)
+    mem.free(tv)
+    return seconds * 1000 + microseconds / 1000
+
+// voodoo magic
+func os.shell[command: str] : i64
+    let pid: i64 = _builtin_syscall(SYS_fork)
+    if pid == 0
+        // leaky but not sure where can i free it
+        let argv: array = ["sh", "-c", command, 0]
+        _builtin_syscall(SYS_execve, "/bin/sh", mem.read64(argv), _builtin_environ())
+        _builtin_syscall(SYS_exit, 1)
+    else
+        let status = 0
+        let wp: i64 = _builtin_syscall(SYS_wait4, pid, ^status, 0, 0)
+        if wp == -1
+            return -1
+        let st: i64 = status & 0xffffffff
+        
+        if (st & 0x7f) == 0
+            return (st >> 8) & 0xff
+        else
+            return -(st & 0x7f)
+
+func os.listdir[path: str] : array
+    let fd: i64 = _builtin_syscall(SYS_openat, -100, path, 0, 0)
+    if fd < 0
+        return []
+
+    let files: array = []
+    let buf: ptr = mem.alloc(1024)
+    while true
+        let n: i64 = _builtin_syscall(SYS_getdents64, fd, buf, 1024)
+        if n <= 0
+            break
+
+        let pos = 0
+        while pos < n
+            let len: i64 = mem.read16(buf + pos + 16)
+            let name: str = buf + pos + 19
+            if name[0]
+                let skip: bool = false
+                // skip if name is exactly '.' or '..'
+                if name[0] == '.'
+                    if name[1] == 0
+                        skip = true
+                    else if name[1] == '.'
+                        if name[2] == 0
+                            skip = true
+                if !skip
+                    array.push(files, str.copy(name))
+            pos = pos + len
+
+    mem.free(buf)
+    _builtin_syscall(SYS_close, fd)
+    return files
+
+func net.listen[packed_host: i64, port: i64] : i64
+    let s: i64 = _builtin_syscall(SYS_socket, 2, 1, 0)
+    if s < 0
+        return -1
+    
+    // setsockopt(SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
+    let optval = 1
+    if _builtin_syscall(SYS_setsockopt, s, 1, 2, ^optval, 8) < 0
+        _builtin_syscall(SYS_close, s)
+        return -1
+
+    let sa: ptr = mem.alloc(16)
+    mem.zero(sa, 16)
+    mem.write8(sa + 0, 2)
+    mem.write8(sa + 1, 0)
+    mem.write8(sa + 2, (port >> 8) & 255)
+    mem.write8(sa + 3, port & 255)
+    mem.write8(sa + 4, (packed_host >> 24) & 255)
+    mem.write8(sa + 5, (packed_host >> 16) & 255)
+    mem.write8(sa + 6, (packed_host >> 8) & 255)
+    mem.write8(sa + 7, packed_host & 255)
+
+    if _builtin_syscall(SYS_bind, s, sa, 16) < 0
+        _builtin_syscall(SYS_close, s)
+        mem.free(sa)
+        return -1
+    mem.free(sa)
+
+    if _builtin_syscall(SYS_listen, s, 1) < 0
+        _builtin_syscall(SYS_close, s)
+        return -1
+    
+    return s
+
+func net.connect[host: str, port: i64] : i64
+    let he: ptr = gethostbyname(host)
+    if he == 0
+        return -1
+
+    let ip_ptr: ptr = mem.read64(mem.read64(he + 24))
+
+    let s: i64 = _builtin_syscall(SYS_socket, 2, 1, 0)
+    if s < 0
+        return -1
+
+    let sa: ptr = mem.alloc(16)
+    mem.zero(sa, 16)
+    mem.write8(sa + 0, 2)
+    mem.write8(sa + 2, (port >> 8) & 255)
+    mem.write8(sa + 3, port & 255)
+    mem.write8(sa + 4, ip_ptr[0])
+    mem.write8(sa + 5, ip_ptr[1])
+    mem.write8(sa + 6, ip_ptr[2])
+    mem.write8(sa + 7, ip_ptr[3])
+
+    if _builtin_syscall(SYS_connect, s, sa, 16) < 0
+        mem.free(sa)
+        _builtin_syscall(SYS_close, s)
+        return -1
+
+    mem.free(sa)
+    return s
+
+func net.accept[s: i64] : i64
+    return _builtin_syscall(SYS_accept, s, 0, 0)
+
+func net.send[s: i64, data: str, size: i64] : void
+    _builtin_syscall(SYS_sendto, s, data, size, 0, 0, 0)
+
+func net.read[s: i64, buffer: ptr, size: i64] : i64
+    return _builtin_syscall(SYS_read, s, buffer, size)
+
+func net.close[s: i64] : void
+    _builtin_syscall(SYS_close, s)
+
+func net.pack_addr[a: i64, b: i64, c: i64, d: i64] : i64
+    return (a << 24) | (b << 16) | (c << 8) | d

src/std/syscalls.zr

@@ -0,0 +1,381 @@
+// https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/19272b37aa4f83ca52bdf9c16d5d81bdd1354494/arch/x86/entry/syscalls/syscall_64.tbl
+const SYS_read = 0
+const SYS_write = 1
+const SYS_open = 2
+const SYS_close = 3
+const SYS_stat = 4
+const SYS_fstat = 5
+const SYS_lstat = 6
+const SYS_poll = 7
+const SYS_lseek = 8
+const SYS_mmap = 9
+const SYS_mprotect = 10
+const SYS_munmap = 11
+const SYS_brk = 12
+const SYS_rt_sigaction = 13
+const SYS_rt_sigprocmask = 14
+const SYS_rt_sigreturn = 15
+const SYS_ioctl = 16
+const SYS_pread64 = 17
+const SYS_pwrite64 = 18
+const SYS_readv = 19
+const SYS_writev = 20
+const SYS_access = 21
+const SYS_pipe = 22
+const SYS_select = 23
+const SYS_sched_yield = 24
+const SYS_mremap = 25
+const SYS_msync = 26
+const SYS_mincore = 27
+const SYS_madvise = 28
+const SYS_shmget = 29
+const SYS_shmat = 30
+const SYS_shmctl = 31
+const SYS_dup = 32
+const SYS_dup2 = 33
+const SYS_pause = 34
+const SYS_nanosleep = 35
+const SYS_getitimer = 36
+const SYS_alarm = 37
+const SYS_setitimer = 38
+const SYS_getpid = 39
+const SYS_sendfile = 40
+const SYS_socket = 41
+const SYS_connect = 42
+const SYS_accept = 43
+const SYS_sendto = 44
+const SYS_recvfrom = 45
+const SYS_sendmsg = 46
+const SYS_recvmsg = 47
+const SYS_shutdown = 48
+const SYS_bind = 49
+const SYS_listen = 50
+const SYS_getsockname = 51
+const SYS_getpeername = 52
+const SYS_socketpair = 53
+const SYS_setsockopt = 54
+const SYS_getsockopt = 55
+const SYS_clone = 56
+const SYS_fork = 57
+const SYS_vfork = 58
+const SYS_execve = 59
+const SYS_exit = 60
+const SYS_wait4 = 61
+const SYS_kill = 62
+const SYS_uname = 63
+const SYS_semget = 64
+const SYS_semop = 65
+const SYS_semctl = 66
+const SYS_shmdt = 67
+const SYS_msgget = 68
+const SYS_msgsnd = 69
+const SYS_msgrcv = 70
+const SYS_msgctl = 71
+const SYS_fcntl = 72
+const SYS_flock = 73
+const SYS_fsync = 74
+const SYS_fdatasync = 75
+const SYS_truncate = 76
+const SYS_ftruncate = 77
+const SYS_getdents = 78
+const SYS_getcwd = 79
+const SYS_chdir = 80
+const SYS_fchdir = 81
+const SYS_rename = 82
+const SYS_mkdir = 83
+const SYS_rmdir = 84
+const SYS_creat = 85
+const SYS_link = 86
+const SYS_unlink = 87
+const SYS_symlink = 88
+const SYS_readlink = 89
+const SYS_chmod = 90
+const SYS_fchmod = 91
+const SYS_chown = 92
+const SYS_fchown = 93
+const SYS_lchown = 94
+const SYS_umask = 95
+const SYS_gettimeofday = 96
+const SYS_getrlimit = 97
+const SYS_getrusage = 98
+const SYS_sysinfo = 99
+const SYS_times = 100
+const SYS_ptrace = 101
+const SYS_getuid = 102
+const SYS_syslog = 103
+const SYS_getgid = 104
+const SYS_setuid = 105
+const SYS_setgid = 106
+const SYS_geteuid = 107
+const SYS_getegid = 108
+const SYS_setpgid = 109
+const SYS_getppid = 110
+const SYS_getpgrp = 111
+const SYS_setsid = 112
+const SYS_setreuid = 113
+const SYS_setregid = 114
+const SYS_getgroups = 115
+const SYS_setgroups = 116
+const SYS_setresuid = 117
+const SYS_getresuid = 118
+const SYS_setresgid = 119
+const SYS_getresgid = 120
+const SYS_getpgid = 121
+const SYS_setfsuid = 122
+const SYS_setfsgid = 123
+const SYS_getsid = 124
+const SYS_capget = 125
+const SYS_capset = 126
+const SYS_rt_sigpending = 127
+const SYS_rt_sigtimedwait = 128
+const SYS_rt_sigqueueinfo = 129
+const SYS_rt_sigsuspend = 130
+const SYS_sigaltstack = 131
+const SYS_utime = 132
+const SYS_mknod = 133
+const SYS_uselib = 134
+const SYS_personality = 135
+const SYS_ustat = 136
+const SYS_statfs = 137
+const SYS_fstatfs = 138
+const SYS_sysfs = 139
+const SYS_getpriority = 140
+const SYS_setpriority = 141
+const SYS_sched_setparam = 142
+const SYS_sched_getparam = 143
+const SYS_sched_setscheduler = 144
+const SYS_sched_getscheduler = 145
+const SYS_sched_get_priority_max = 146
+const SYS_sched_get_priority_min = 147
+const SYS_sched_rr_get_interval = 148
+const SYS_mlock = 149
+const SYS_munlock = 150
+const SYS_mlockall = 151
+const SYS_munlockall = 152
+const SYS_vhangup = 153
+const SYS_modify_ldt = 154
+const SYS_pivot_root = 155
+const SYS__sysctl = 156
+const SYS_prctl = 157
+const SYS_arch_prctl = 158
+const SYS_adjtimex = 159
+const SYS_setrlimit = 160
+const SYS_chroot = 161
+const SYS_sync = 162
+const SYS_acct = 163
+const SYS_settimeofday = 164
+const SYS_mount = 165
+const SYS_umount2 = 166
+const SYS_swapon = 167
+const SYS_swapoff = 168
+const SYS_reboot = 169
+const SYS_sethostname = 170
+const SYS_setdomainname = 171
+const SYS_iopl = 172
+const SYS_ioperm = 173
+const SYS_create_module = 174
+const SYS_init_module = 175
+const SYS_delete_module = 176
+const SYS_get_kernel_syms = 177
+const SYS_query_module = 178
+const SYS_quotactl = 179
+const SYS_nfsservctl = 180
+const SYS_getpmsg = 181
+const SYS_putpmsg = 182
+const SYS_afs_syscall = 183
+const SYS_tuxcall = 184
+const SYS_security = 185
+const SYS_gettid = 186
+const SYS_readahead = 187
+const SYS_setxattr = 188
+const SYS_lsetxattr = 189
+const SYS_fsetxattr = 190
+const SYS_getxattr = 191
+const SYS_lgetxattr = 192
+const SYS_fgetxattr = 193
+const SYS_listxattr = 194
+const SYS_llistxattr = 195
+const SYS_flistxattr = 196
+const SYS_removexattr = 197
+const SYS_lremovexattr = 198
+const SYS_fremovexattr = 199
+const SYS_tkill = 200
+const SYS_time = 201
+const SYS_futex = 202
+const SYS_sched_setaffinity = 203
+const SYS_sched_getaffinity = 204
+const SYS_set_thread_area = 205
+const SYS_io_setup = 206
+const SYS_io_destroy = 207
+const SYS_io_getevents = 208
+const SYS_io_submit = 209
+const SYS_io_cancel = 210
+const SYS_get_thread_area = 211
+const SYS_lookup_dcookie = 212
+const SYS_epoll_create = 213
+const SYS_epoll_ctl_old = 214
+const SYS_epoll_wait_old = 215
+const SYS_remap_file_pages = 216
+const SYS_getdents64 = 217
+const SYS_set_tid_address = 218
+const SYS_restart_syscall = 219
+const SYS_semtimedop = 220
+const SYS_fadvise64 = 221
+const SYS_timer_create = 222
+const SYS_timer_settime = 223
+const SYS_timer_gettime = 224
+const SYS_timer_getoverrun = 225
+const SYS_timer_delete = 226
+const SYS_clock_settime = 227
+const SYS_clock_gettime = 228
+const SYS_clock_getres = 229
+const SYS_clock_nanosleep = 230
+const SYS_exit_group = 231
+const SYS_epoll_wait = 232
+const SYS_epoll_ctl = 233
+const SYS_tgkill = 234
+const SYS_utimes = 235
+const SYS_vserver = 236
+const SYS_mbind = 237
+const SYS_set_mempolicy = 238
+const SYS_get_mempolicy = 239
+const SYS_mq_open = 240
+const SYS_mq_unlink = 241
+const SYS_mq_timedsend = 242
+const SYS_mq_timedreceive = 243
+const SYS_mq_notify = 244
+const SYS_mq_getsetattr = 245
+const SYS_kexec_load = 246
+const SYS_waitid = 247
+const SYS_add_key = 248
+const SYS_request_key = 249
+const SYS_keyctl = 250
+const SYS_ioprio_set = 251
+const SYS_ioprio_get = 252
+const SYS_inotify_init = 253
+const SYS_inotify_add_watch = 254
+const SYS_inotify_rm_watch = 255
+const SYS_migrate_pages = 256
+const SYS_openat = 257
+const SYS_mkdirat = 258
+const SYS_mknodat = 259
+const SYS_fchownat = 260
+const SYS_futimesat = 261
+const SYS_newfstatat = 262
+const SYS_unlinkat = 263
+const SYS_renameat = 264
+const SYS_linkat = 265
+const SYS_symlinkat = 266
+const SYS_readlinkat = 267
+const SYS_fchmodat = 268
+const SYS_faccessat = 269
+const SYS_pselect6 = 270
+const SYS_ppoll = 271
+const SYS_unshare = 272
+const SYS_set_robust_list = 273
+const SYS_get_robust_list = 274
+const SYS_splice = 275
+const SYS_tee = 276
+const SYS_sync_file_range = 277
+const SYS_vmsplice = 278
+const SYS_move_pages = 279
+const SYS_utimensat = 280
+const SYS_epoll_pwait = 281
+const SYS_signalfd = 282
+const SYS_timerfd_create = 283
+const SYS_eventfd = 284
+const SYS_fallocate = 285
+const SYS_timerfd_settime = 286
+const SYS_timerfd_gettime = 287
+const SYS_accept4 = 288
+const SYS_signalfd4 = 289
+const SYS_eventfd2 = 290
+const SYS_epoll_create1 = 291
+const SYS_dup3 = 292
+const SYS_pipe2 = 293
+const SYS_inotify_init1 = 294
+const SYS_preadv = 295
+const SYS_pwritev = 296
+const SYS_rt_tgsigqueueinfo = 297
+const SYS_perf_event_open = 298
+const SYS_recvmmsg = 299
+const SYS_fanotify_init = 300
+const SYS_fanotify_mark = 301
+const SYS_prlimit64 = 302
+const SYS_name_to_handle_at = 303
+const SYS_open_by_handle_at = 304
+const SYS_clock_adjtime = 305
+const SYS_syncfs = 306
+const SYS_sendmmsg = 307
+const SYS_setns = 308
+const SYS_getcpu = 309
+const SYS_process_vm_readv = 310
+const SYS_process_vm_writev = 311
+const SYS_kcmp = 312
+const SYS_finit_module = 313
+const SYS_sched_setattr = 314
+const SYS_sched_getattr = 315
+const SYS_renameat2 = 316
+const SYS_seccomp = 317
+const SYS_getrandom = 318
+const SYS_memfd_create = 319
+const SYS_kexec_file_load = 320
+const SYS_bpf = 321
+const SYS_execveat = 322
+const SYS_userfaultfd = 323
+const SYS_membarrier = 324
+const SYS_mlock2 = 325
+const SYS_copy_file_range = 326
+const SYS_preadv2 = 327
+const SYS_pwritev2 = 328
+const SYS_pkey_mprotect = 329
+const SYS_pkey_alloc = 330
+const SYS_pkey_free = 331
+const SYS_statx = 332
+const SYS_io_pgetevents = 333
+const SYS_rseq = 334
+const SYS_uretprobe = 335
+const SYS_pidfd_send_signal = 424
+const SYS_io_uring_setup = 425
+const SYS_io_uring_enter = 426
+const SYS_io_uring_register = 427
+const SYS_open_tree = 428
+const SYS_move_mount = 429
+const SYS_fsopen = 430
+const SYS_fsconfig = 431
+const SYS_fsmount = 432
+const SYS_fspick = 433
+const SYS_pidfd_open = 434
+const SYS_clone3 = 435
+const SYS_close_range = 436
+const SYS_openat2 = 437
+const SYS_pidfd_getfd = 438
+const SYS_faccessat2 = 439
+const SYS_process_madvise = 440
+const SYS_epoll_pwait2 = 441
+const SYS_mount_setattr = 442
+const SYS_quotactl_fd = 443
+const SYS_landlock_create_ruleset = 444
+const SYS_landlock_add_rule = 445
+const SYS_landlock_restrict_self = 446
+const SYS_memfd_secret = 447
+const SYS_process_mrelease = 448
+const SYS_futex_waitv = 449
+const SYS_set_mempolicy_home_node = 450
+const SYS_cachestat = 451
+const SYS_fchmodat2 = 452
+const SYS_map_shadow_stack = 453
+const SYS_futex_wake = 454
+const SYS_futex_wait = 455
+const SYS_futex_requeue = 456
+const SYS_statmount = 457
+const SYS_listmount = 458
+const SYS_lsm_get_self_attr = 459
+const SYS_lsm_set_self_attr = 460
+const SYS_lsm_list_modules = 461
+const SYS_mseal = 462
+const SYS_setxattrat = 463
+const SYS_getxattrat = 464
+const SYS_listxattrat = 465
+const SYS_removexattrat = 466
+const SYS_open_tree_attr = 467

src/tokenizer.rs

@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@ pub enum TokenType {
     Colon,
     BitAnd,
     BitOr,
+    LogicalAnd,
+    LogicalOr,
     Pipe,
     DoubleDot,
     ShiftLeft,
@@ -38,6 +40,7 @@ pub enum TokenType {
     False,
 
     KeywordLet,
+    KeywordConst,
     KeywordIf,
     KeywordElse,
     KeywordWhile,
@@ -47,6 +50,8 @@ pub enum TokenType {
     KeywordReturn,
     KeywordBreak,
     KeywordContinue,
+    KeywordExtern,
+    KeywordExport,
 
     Indent,
     Dedent,
@@ -168,10 +173,18 @@ impl Tokenizer {
                     self.add_token(TokenType::Slash)
                 }
             }
-            '&' => self.add_token(TokenType::BitAnd),
+            '&' => {
+                if self.match_char('&') {
+                    self.add_token(TokenType::LogicalAnd)
+                } else {
+                    self.add_token(TokenType::BitAnd)
+                }
+            }
             '|' => {
                 if self.match_char('>') {
                     self.add_token(TokenType::Pipe);
+                } else if self.match_char('|') {
+                    self.add_token(TokenType::LogicalOr);
                 } else {
                     self.add_token(TokenType::BitOr);
                 }
@@ -210,6 +223,9 @@ impl Tokenizer {
             }
             // TODO: escape sequences
             '\'' => {
+                if self.eof() {
+                    return error!(self.loc, "unterminated char literal");
+                }
                 self.advance();
                 if !self.match_char('\'') {
                     return error!(self.loc, "expected ' after char literal");
@@ -298,20 +314,14 @@ impl Tokenizer {
             while self.peek().is_ascii_hexdigit() {
                 self.advance();
             }
+        } else if self.match_char('o') {
+            while matches!(self.peek(), '0'..='7') {
+                self.advance();
+            }
         } else {
             while self.peek().is_ascii_digit() {
                 self.advance();
             }
-
-            if self.peek() == '.'
-                && self.current + 1 < self.source.len()
-                && self.source[self.current + 1].is_ascii_digit()
-            {
-                self.advance();
-                while self.peek().is_ascii_digit() {
-                    self.advance();
-                }
-            }
         }
 
         self.add_token(TokenType::Number);
@@ -325,6 +335,7 @@ impl Tokenizer {
         let lexeme: String = self.source[self.start..self.current].iter().collect();
         self.add_token(match lexeme.as_str() {
             "let" => TokenType::KeywordLet,
+            "const" => TokenType::KeywordConst,
             "if" => TokenType::KeywordIf,
             "else" => TokenType::KeywordElse,
             "while" => TokenType::KeywordWhile,
@@ -334,6 +345,8 @@ impl Tokenizer {
             "return" => TokenType::KeywordReturn,
             "break" => TokenType::KeywordBreak,
             "continue" => TokenType::KeywordContinue,
+            "extern" => TokenType::KeywordExtern,
+            "export" => TokenType::KeywordExport,
             "true" => TokenType::True,
             "false" => TokenType::False,
             _ => TokenType::Identifier,

test.zr

@@ -1,34 +1,63 @@
-func run_test[x: String] : Void
+func run_test[x: str] : void
-    c.printf("\033[93mBuilding %s...\033[0m", x)
+    let build_blacklist: array = ["examples/puzzles", "examples/raylib.zr", "examples/x11.zr", "examples/sqlite_todo.zr"]
-    let cmd: String = str.concat("./target/release/zern examples/", x)
+    let run_blacklist: array = ["/aoc", "guess_number.zr", "tcp_server.zr"]
 
-    let build_start_time: I64 = os.time()
+    for i in 0..array.size(build_blacklist)
-    if c.system(cmd) != 0
+        if str.equal(x, array.nth(build_blacklist, i))
+            io.print("\033[93mSkipping ")
+            io.print(x)
+            io.println("...\033[0m")
+            return 0
+
+    io.print("\033[94mBuilding ")
+    io.print(x)
+    io.print("...\033[0m ")
+
+    let build_start_time: i64 = os.time()
+    if os.shell(str.concat("./target/release/zern ", x)) != 0
         os.exit(1)
-    let build_end_time: I64 = os.time()
+    let build_end_time: i64 = os.time()
 
-    mem.free(cmd)
+    io.print_i64(build_end_time - build_start_time)
-    c.printf(" %ldms\n", build_end_time - build_start_time)
+    io.println("ms")
 
-    if str.equal(x, "guess_number.zr") | str.equal(x, "tcp_server.zr") | str.equal(x, "raylib.zr")
+    for i in 0..array.size(run_blacklist)
-        c.printf("\033[93mSkipping %s...\033[0m\n", x)
+        if str.find(x, array.nth(run_blacklist, i)) != -1
-    else
+            io.print("\033[93mSkipping ")
-        let run_start_time: I64 = os.time()
+            io.print(x)
-        if str.equal(x, "curl.zr")
+            io.println("...\033[0m")
-            if c.system("./out http://example.com") != 0
+            return 0
-                os.exit(1)
-        else
-            if c.system("./out") != 0
-                os.exit(1)
-        let run_end_time: I64 = os.time()
 
-        c.printf("\033[93mRunning %s...\033[0m %ldms\n", x, run_end_time - run_start_time)
+    io.print("\033[95mRunning ")
+    io.print(x)
+    io.println("...\033[0m")
 
-func main[] : I64
+    let run_cmd: str = "./out"
-    c.system("cargo build --release")
+    if str.equal(x, "examples/curl.zr")
+        run_cmd = str.concat(run_cmd, " http://example.com")
+    else if str.equal(x, "examples/tokenizer.zr")
+        run_cmd = str.concat(run_cmd, " test.zr")
 
-    let files: Array = os.listdir("examples/")
+    let run_start_time: i64 = os.time()
+    if os.shell(run_cmd) != 0
+        os.exit(1)
+    let run_end_time: i64 = os.time()
+
+    io.print("\033[92mRunning ")
+    io.print(x)
+    io.print(" took\033[0m ")
+    io.print_i64(run_end_time - run_start_time)
+    io.println("ms")
+
+func run_directory[dir: str] : void
+    let files: array = os.listdir(dir)
     for i in 0..array.size(files)
-        run_test(files[i])
+        run_test(str.concat(dir, array.nth(files, i)))
     
-    array.free(files)
+    array.free(files)
+
+func main[] : i64
+    os.shell("cargo build --release")
+
+    run_directory("examples/")
+    run_directory("examples/puzzles/")