fix a bunch of old things

README.md

@@ -5,23 +5,31 @@ A very cool language
 ## Features
 * Clean indentation-based syntax
 * Compiles to x86_64 Assembly
+* ~~No libc required~~ (SOON; still used for memory allocation and DNS resolution)
+* Produces tiny static executables (~30KB with musl)
 * Sometimes works
 * Has the pipe operator
 
 ## Syntax
 ```rust
-func main[] : I64
+func main[] : i64
-    let answer: I64 = math.abs(math.urandom()) % 100
+    let answer: i64 = math.abs(os.urandom()) % 100
 
     while true
-        io.print("Guess a number: ")
+        io.println("Guess a number: ")
-        let guess: I64 = io.read_stdin() |> str.trim() |> str.parse_i64()
+        let guess: i64 = io.read_line() |> str.trim() |> str.parse_i64()
 
         if guess == answer
-            io.print("You win!")
+            io.println("You win!")
             break
         else if guess < answer
-            io.print("Too low!")
+            io.println("Too low!")
         else
-            io.print("Too high!")
+            io.println("Too high!")
+```
+
+## Quickstart
+```
+cargo install --git https://github.com/antpiasecki/zern
+zern -m -r hello.zr
 ```

examples/brainfuck.zr

@@ -1,46 +1,46 @@
-func main[] : I64
+func main[] : i64
     // https://brainfuck.org/sierpinski.b
-    let src: String = "++++++++[>+>++++<<-]>++>>+<[-[>>+<<-]+>>]>+[-<<<[->[+[-]+>++>>>-<<]<[<]>>++++++[<<+++++>>-]+<<++.[-]<<]>.>+[>>]>+]"
+    let src: str = "++++++++[>+>++++<<-]>++>>+<[-[>>+<<-]+>>]>+[-<<<[->[+[-]+>++>>>-<<]<[<]>>++++++[<<+++++>>-]+<<++.[-]<<]>.>+[>>]>+]"
-    let src_len: I64 = str.len(src)
+    let src_len: i64 = str.len(src)
-    let i: I64 = 0
+    let i: i64 = 0
 
-    let memory: Ptr = mem.alloc(30000)
+    let memory: ptr = mem.alloc(30000)
     mem.zero(memory, 30000)
-    let p: I64 = 0
+    let p: i64 = 0
 
     while i < src_len
-        let op: U8 = str.nth(src, i)
+        let op: u8 = src[i]
 
         if op == '>'
             p = p + 1
         else if op == '<'
             p = p - 1
         else if op == '+'
-            str.set(memory, p, mem.read8(memory + p)+1)
+            str.set(memory, p, memory[p] + 1)
         else if op == '-'
-            str.set(memory, p, mem.read8(memory + p)-1)
+            str.set(memory, p, memory[p] - 1)
         else if op == '.'
-            c.printf("%c", mem.read8(memory + p))
+            io.print_char(memory[p])
         else if op == ','
-            str.set(memory, p, c.getchar())
+            str.set(memory, p, io.read_char())
         else if op == '['
-            if !mem.read8(memory + p)
+            if !memory[p]
                 i = i + 1
-                let opened: I64 = 0
+                let opened: i64 = 0
-                while i < src_len & !(str.nth(src, i) == ']' & !opened)
+                while i < src_len & !(src[i] == ']' & !opened)
-                    if str.nth(src, i) == '['
+                    if src[i] == '['
                         opened = opened + 1
-                    else if str.nth(src, i) == ']'
+                    else if src[i] == ']'
                         opened = opened - 1
                     i = i + 1
         else if op == ']'
-            if mem.read8(memory + p)
+            if memory[p]
                 i = i - 1
-                let closed: I64 = 0
+                let closed: i64 = 0
-                while i >= 0 & !(str.nth(src, i) == '[' & !closed)
+                while i >= 0 & !(src[i] == '[' & !closed)
-                    if str.nth(src, i) == ']'
+                    if src[i] == ']'
                         closed = closed + 1
-                    else if str.nth(src, i) == '['
+                    else if src[i] == '['
                         closed = closed - 1
                     i = i - 1
 

examples/curl.zr

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-func main[argc: I64, argv: Ptr] : I64
+func main[argc: i64, argv: ptr] : i64
     if argc < 2
         dbg.panic("url missing")
 
-    let url: String = mem.read64(argv + 8)
+    let url: str = mem.read64(argv + 8)
 
     if str.len(url) <= 7
         dbg.panic("missing url scheme")
@@ -10,41 +10,45 @@ func main[argc: I64, argv: Ptr] : I64
     if !str.equal(str.substr(url, 0, 7), "http://")
         dbg.panic("invalid url scheme")
     
-    let url_len: I64 = str.len(url)
+    let url_len: i64 = str.len(url)
-    let host_start: I64 = 7
+    let host_start: i64 = 7
-    let i: I64 = host_start
+    let i: i64 = host_start
     while i < url_len
-        if str.nth(url, i) == '/'
+        if url[i] == '/'
             break
         i = i + 1
 
-    let host: String = str.substr(url, host_start, i - host_start)
+    let host: str = str.substr(url, host_start, i - host_start)
-    let path: String = "/"
+    let path: str = "/"
     if i < url_len
         path = str.substr(url, i, url_len - i)
 
-    let s: I64 = net.connect(host, 80)
+    let s: i64 = net.connect(host, 80)
     if s < 0
         dbg.panic("failed to connect")
 
-    let req: String = mem.alloc(2048)
+    // very leaky
-    c.snprintf(req, 2048, "GET %s HTTP/1.0\r\nHost: %s\r\nConnection: close\r\n\r\n", path, host)
+    let req: str = "GET "
-    c.send(s, req, str.len(req), 0)
+    req = str.concat(req, path)
+    req = str.concat(req, " HTTP/1.0\r\nHost: ")
+    req = str.concat(req, host)
+    req = str.concat(req, "\r\nConnection: close\r\n\r\n")
+    net.send(s, req, str.len(req))
     mem.free(req)
 
-    let header_buf: String = mem.alloc(8192)
+    let header_buf: str = mem.alloc(8192)
-    let header_size: I64 = 0
+    let header_size: i64 = 0
-    let found: Bool = false
+    let found: bool = false
-    let end_index: I64 = -1
+    let end_index: i64 = -1
 
     while !found & header_size < 8192
-        let n: I64 = c.read(s, header_buf + header_size, 8192 - header_size)
+        let n: i64 = net.read(s, header_buf + header_size, 8192 - header_size)
         if n <= 0
             break
-        let current_size: I64 = header_size + n
+        let current_size: i64 = header_size + n
         i = 0
         while i <= current_size - 4
-            if str.nth(header_buf, i) == 13 & str.nth(header_buf, i+1) == 10 & str.nth(header_buf, i+2) == 13 & str.nth(header_buf, i+3) == 10
+            if header_buf[i] == 13 & header_buf[i + 1] == 10 & header_buf[i + 2] == 13 & header_buf[i + 3] == 10
                 found = true
                 end_index = i + 4
                 break
@@ -52,15 +56,15 @@ func main[argc: I64, argv: Ptr] : I64
         header_size = current_size
 
     if end_index < header_size
-        c.write(1, header_buf + end_index, header_size - end_index)
+        io.print_sized(header_buf + end_index, header_size - end_index)
     mem.free(header_buf)
 
-    let buffer: Ptr = mem.alloc(4096)
+    let buffer: ptr = mem.alloc(4096)
     while true
-        let n: I64 = c.read(s, buffer, 4096)
+        let n: i64 = net.read(s, buffer, 4096)
         if n <= 0
             break
-        c.write(1, buffer, n)
+        io.print_sized(buffer, n)
     mem.free(buffer)
 
-    c.close(s)
+    net.close(s)

examples/euler15.zr

@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-func main[] : I64
-    let n: I64 = 40
-    let r: I64 = 20
-    let out: I64 = 1
-
-    for i in 1..r+1
-        out = out * (n - (r - i)) / i
-
-    io.print_i64(out)

examples/euler2.zr

@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-func main[] : I64
-    let sum: I64 = 0
-    let a: I64 = 0
-    let b: I64 = 1
-
-    while a < 4000000
-        if a % 2 == 0
-            sum = sum + a
-        let temp: I64 = b
-        b = a + b
-        a = temp
-
-    io.print_i64(sum)

examples/euler5.zr

@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-func main[] : I64
-    let out: I64 = 1
-
-    for i in 1..21
-        out = math.lcm(out, i)
-    io.print_i64(out)

examples/euler8.zr

@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-func main[] : I64
-    let n: String = "7316717653133062491922511967442657474235534919493496983520312774506326239578318016984801869478851843858615607891129494954595017379583319528532088055111254069874715852386305071569329096329522744304355766896648950445244523161731856403098711121722383113622298934233803081353362766142828064444866452387493035890729629049156044077239071381051585930796086670172427121883998797908792274921901699720888093776657273330010533678812202354218097512545405947522435258490771167055601360483958644670632441572215539753697817977846174064955149290862569321978468622482839722413756570560574902614079729686524145351004748216637048440319989000889524345065854122758866688116427171479924442928230863465674813919123162824586178664583591245665294765456828489128831426076900422421902267105562632111110937054421750694165896040807198403850962455444362981230987879927244284909188845801561660979191338754992005240636899125607176060588611646710940507754100225698315520005593572972571636269561882670428252483600823257530420752963450"
-
-    let out: I64 = 0
-    let max: I64 = str.len(n) - 13
-    for i in 0..max
-        let s: I64 = 1
-        let j: I64 = 0
-        while j < 13
-            s = s * (str.nth(n, i + j) - '0')
-            j = j + 1
-        if s > out
-            out = s
-    io.print_i64(out)

examples/fib.zr

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-func main[] : I64
+func main[] : i64
-    let a: I64 = 0
+    let a: i64 = 0
-    let b: I64 = 1
+    let b: i64 = 1
 
     while a < 100000
-        io.print_i64(a)
+        io.println_i64(a)
-        let temp: I64 = b
+        let temp: i64 = b
         b = a + b
         a = temp

examples/fizzbuzz.zr

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+func main[] : i64
+    for i in 1..40
+        if i % 15 == 0
+            io.println("FizzBuzz")
+        else if i % 5 == 0
+            io.println("Buzz")
+        else if i %3 == 0
+            io.println("Fizz")
+        else
+            io.println_i64(i)

examples/guess_number.zr

@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
-func main[] : I64
+func main[] : i64
-    let answer: I64 = math.abs(math.urandom()) % 100
+    let answer: i64 = math.abs(os.urandom()) % 100
 
     while true
-        io.print("Guess a number: ")
+        io.println("Guess a number: ")
-        let guess: I64 = io.read_stdin() |> str.trim() |> str.parse_i64()
+        let guess: i64 = io.read_line() |> str.trim() |> str.parse_i64()
 
         if guess == answer
-            io.print("You win!")
+            io.println("You win!")
             break
         else if guess < answer
-            io.print("Too low!")
+            io.println("Too low!")
         else
-            io.print("Too high!")
+            io.println("Too high!")

examples/hello.zr

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-func main[] : I64
+func main[] : i64
-    io.print("Hello, World!")
+    io.println("Hello, World!")

examples/puzzles/aoc2024_01.zr

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+func part1[l1: array, l2: array] : void
+    let out: i64 = 0
+    
+    for i in 0..array.size(l1)
+        out = out + math.abs(array.nth(l1, i) - array.nth(l2, i))
+
+    io.println_i64(out)
+
+func part2[l1: array, l2: array] : void
+    let out: i64 = 0
+
+    for i in 0..array.size(l1)
+        out = out + array.nth(l1, i) * alg.count(l2, array.nth(l1, i))
+
+    io.println_i64(out)
+
+func main[] : i64
+    let lines: array = io.read_file("input.txt") |> str.split("\n")
+
+    let l1: array = []
+    let l2: array = []
+
+    for i in 0..array.size(lines)
+        let line: str = array.nth(lines, i)
+        
+        let parts: array = str.split(line, "   ")
+
+        array.push(l1, str.parse_i64(array.nth(parts, 0)))
+        array.push(l2, str.parse_i64(array.nth(parts, 1)))
+
+    alg.quicksort(l1)
+    alg.quicksort(l2)
+
+    part1(l1, l2)
+    part2(l1, l2)

examples/puzzles/aoc2024_02.zr

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+func check[report: array] : bool
+    let increasing: bool = array.nth(report, 0) < array.nth(report, 1)
+
+    for i in 0..array.size(report)-1
+        if array.nth(report, i) > array.nth(report, i + 1) & increasing
+            return false
+        if array.nth(report, i) < array.nth(report, i + 1) & !increasing
+            return false
+
+        let diff: i64 = math.abs(array.nth(report, i) - array.nth(report, i + 1))
+        if diff < 1 | diff > 3
+            return false
+
+    return true
+
+func part1[data: array] : void
+    let out: i64 = 0
+
+    for i in 0..array.size(data)
+        if check(array.nth(data, i))
+            out = out + 1
+
+    io.println_i64(out)
+
+func part2[data: array] : void
+    let out: i64 = 0
+
+    for i in 0..array.size(data)
+        if check(array.nth(data, i))
+            out = out + 1
+        else
+            for j in 0..array.size(array.nth(data, i))
+                let sliced: array = array.concat(array.slice(array.nth(data, i), 0, j), array.slice(array.nth(data, i), j + 1, array.size(array.nth(data, i)) - (j + 1)))
+                
+                if check(sliced)
+                    out = out + 1
+                    break
+
+    io.println_i64(out)
+
+func main[] : i64
+    let lines: array = io.read_file("input.txt") |> str.split("\n")
+
+    let data: array = []
+    for i in 0..array.size(lines)
+        let line: str = array.nth(lines, i)
+
+        let report: array = str.split(line, " ")
+        for i in 0..array.size(report)
+            array.set(report, i, str.parse_i64(array.nth(report, i)))
+        array.push(data, report)
+
+    part1(data)
+    part2(data)

examples/puzzles/aoc2024_04.zr

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+func check[lines: array, x: i64, y: i64, dx: i64, dy: i64] : bool
+    if x + dx * 3 < 0 | x + dx * 3 >= array.size(lines) | y + dy * 3 < 0 | y + dy * 3 >= str.len(array.nth(lines, 0))
+        return false
+    
+    if array.nth(lines, x)[y] != 'X'
+        return false
+    if array.nth(lines, x + dx)[y + dy] != 'M'
+        return false
+    if array.nth(lines, x + dx * 2)[y + dy * 2] != 'A'
+        return false
+    if array.nth(lines, x + dx * 3)[y + dy * 3] != 'S'
+        return false
+    
+    return true
+
+func part1[lines: array] : void
+    let out: i64 = 0
+
+    for x in 0..array.size(lines)
+        for y in 0..str.len(array.nth(lines, x))
+            if check(lines, x, y, 0, 1)
+                out = out + 1
+            if check(lines, x, y, 0, -1)
+                out = out + 1
+            if check(lines, x, y, 1, 0)
+                out = out + 1
+            if check(lines, x, y, -1, 0)
+                out = out + 1
+            if check(lines, x, y, 1, 1)
+                out = out + 1
+            if check(lines, x, y, -1, -1)
+                out = out + 1
+            if check(lines, x, y, 1, -1)
+                out = out + 1
+            if check(lines, x, y, -1, 1)
+                out = out + 1
+
+    io.println_i64(out)
+
+func part2[lines: array] : void
+    let out: i64 = 0
+
+    for x in 1..array.size(lines)-1
+        for y in 1..str.len(array.nth(lines, x))-1
+            if array.nth(lines, x)[y] == 'A'
+                let s: str = mem.alloc(5)
+                str.set(s, 0, array.nth(lines, x - 1)[y - 1])
+                str.set(s, 1, array.nth(lines, x + 1)[y - 1])
+                str.set(s, 2, array.nth(lines, x + 1)[y + 1])
+                str.set(s, 3, array.nth(lines, x - 1)[y + 1])
+                str.set(s, 4, 0)
+
+                if str.equal(s, "MSSM") | str.equal(s, "SMMS") | str.equal(s, "MMSS") | str.equal(s, "SSMM")
+                    out = out + 1
+
+    io.println_i64(out)
+
+func main[] : i64
+    let lines: array = io.read_file("input.txt") |> str.split("\n")
+
+    part1(lines)
+    part2(lines)

examples/puzzles/aoc2024_05.zr

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+func rule_exists[rules_left: array, rules_right: array, a: i64, b: i64] : bool
+    for k in 0..array.size(rules_left)
+        if array.nth(rules_left, k) == a & array.nth(rules_right, k) == b
+            return true
+    return false
+
+func check[update: array, rules_left: array, rules_right: array] : bool
+    for i in 0..array.size(update)
+        for j in 0..i
+            if rule_exists(rules_left, rules_right, array.nth(update, i), array.nth(update, j))
+                return false
+    return true
+
+func sort_by_rules[update: array, rules_left: array, rules_right: array] : void
+    let swapped: bool = true
+
+    while swapped
+        swapped = false
+        for i in 0..array.size(update)-1
+            let a: i64 = array.nth(update, i)
+            let b: i64 = array.nth(update, i+1)
+            if rule_exists(rules_left, rules_right, b, a)
+                let tmp: i64 = a
+                array.set(update, i, b)
+                array.set(update, i+1, tmp)
+                swapped = true
+
+func part1[updates: array, rules_left: array, rules_right: array] : void
+    let out: i64 = 0
+
+    for i in 0..array.size(updates)
+        let update: array = array.nth(updates, i)
+        if check(update, rules_left, rules_right)
+            out = out + array.nth(update, array.size(update) / 2)
+
+    io.println_i64(out)
+
+func part2[updates: array, rules_left: array, rules_right: array] : void
+    let out: i64 = 0
+
+    for i in 0..array.size(updates)
+        let update: array = array.nth(updates, i)
+        if !check(update, rules_left, rules_right)
+            sort_by_rules(update, rules_left, rules_right)
+            out = out + array.nth(update, array.size(update) / 2)
+
+    io.println_i64(out)
+
+func main[] : i64
+    let data: array = io.read_file("input.txt") |> str.split("\n\n")
+
+    let rules_left: array = []
+    let rules_right: array = []
+    let rules_lines: array = str.split(array.nth(data, 0), "\n")
+    for i in 0..array.size(rules_lines)
+        let line: str = array.nth(rules_lines, i)
+        let parts: array = str.split(line, "|")
+
+        array.push(rules_left, str.parse_i64(array.nth(parts, 0)))
+        array.push(rules_right, str.parse_i64(array.nth(parts, 1)))
+
+    let updates: array = []
+    let updates_lines: array = str.split(array.nth(data, 1), "\n")
+    for i in 0..array.size(updates_lines)
+        let line: str = array.nth(updates_lines, i)
+        let xs: array = str.split(line, ",")
+
+        for i in 0..array.size(xs)
+            array.set(xs, i, str.parse_i64(array.nth(xs, i)))
+        array.push(updates, xs)
+
+    part1(updates, rules_left, rules_right)
+    part2(updates, rules_left, rules_right)

examples/puzzles/aoc2024_07.zr

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+func concat[a: i64, b: i64] : i64
+    let a_str: str = str.from_i64(a)
+    let b_str: str = str.from_i64(b)
+    let ab_str: str = str.concat(a_str, b_str)
+    let out: i64 = str.parse_i64(ab_str)
+    // without freeing the program works but leaks 2GB of memory :p
+    mem.free(a_str)
+    mem.free(b_str)
+    mem.free(ab_str)
+    return out
+
+func solve[ops: array, e: array] : i64
+    let n: i64 = array.size(array.nth(e, 1)) - 1
+    let indices: array = []
+    for i in 0..n
+        array.push(indices, 0)
+
+    while true
+        let res: i64 = array.nth(array.nth(e, 1), 0)
+        for i in 0..n
+            let op: str = array.nth(ops, array.nth(indices, i))
+
+            if str.equal(op, "add")
+                res = res + array.nth(array.nth(e, 1), i + 1)
+            else if str.equal(op, "mul")
+                res = res * array.nth(array.nth(e, 1), i + 1)
+            else if str.equal(op, "concat")
+                res = concat(res, array.nth(array.nth(e, 1), i + 1))
+        if res == array.nth(e, 0)
+            return res
+
+        let done: bool = true
+        let i: i64 = n - 1
+
+        while i >= 0
+            array.set(indices, i, array.nth(indices, i) + 1)
+            if array.nth(indices, i) < array.size(ops)
+                done = false
+                break
+            array.set(indices, i, 0)
+            i = i - 1
+        
+        if done
+            return 0
+
+func part1[equations: array] : void
+    let out: i64 = 0
+
+    for i in 0..array.size(equations)
+        out = out + solve(["add", "mul"], array.nth(equations, i))
+
+    io.println_i64(out)
+
+func part2[equations: array] : void
+    let out: i64 = 0
+
+    for i in 0..array.size(equations)
+        out = out + solve(["add", "mul", "concat"], array.nth(equations, i))
+
+    io.println_i64(out)
+
+func main[] : i64
+    let lines: array = io.read_file("input.txt") |> str.split("\n")
+    let equations: array = []
+
+    for i in 0..array.size(lines)
+        let line: str = array.nth(lines, i)
+        let parts: array = str.split(line, ": ")
+
+        let xs: array = str.split(array.nth(parts, 1), " ")
+        for j in 0..array.size(xs)
+            array.set(xs, j, str.parse_i64(array.nth(xs, j)))
+
+        array.push(equations, [str.parse_i64(array.nth(parts, 0)), xs])
+
+    part1(equations)
+    part2(equations)

examples/puzzles/aoc2025_01.zr

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+func part1[lines: array] : void
+    let password: i64 = 0
+    let dial: i64 = 50
+
+    for i in 0..array.size(lines)
+        let line: str = array.nth(lines, i)
+        let dir: u8 = line[0]
+        let n: i64 = str.substr(line, 1, str.len(line) - 1) |> str.parse_i64()
+
+        if dir == 'L'
+            dial = dial - n
+            while dial < 0
+                dial = 100 + dial
+        else
+            dial = dial + n
+            while dial >= 100
+                dial = dial - 100
+
+        if dial == 0
+            password = password + 1
+    
+    io.println_i64(password)
+
+func part2[lines: array] : void
+    let password: i64 = 0
+    let dial: i64 = 50
+
+    for i in 0..array.size(lines)
+        let line: str = array.nth(lines, i)
+        let dir: u8 = line[0]
+        let n: i64 = str.substr(line, 1, str.len(line) - 1) |> str.parse_i64()
+
+        if dir == 'L'
+            for i in 0..n
+                dial = dial - 1
+                if dial == 0
+                    password = password + 1
+                if dial == -1
+                    dial = 99
+        else
+            for i in 0..n
+                dial = dial + 1
+                if dial == 100
+                    dial = 0
+                    password = password + 1
+    
+    io.println_i64(password)
+
+func main[] : i64
+    let lines: array = io.read_file("input.txt") |> str.split("\n")
+
+    part1(lines)
+    part2(lines)

examples/puzzles/aoc2025_02.zr

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+func part1_is_invalid_id[s: str] : bool
+    let len: i64 = str.len(s)
+    if len % 2 != 0
+        return false
+
+    let first: str = str.substr(s, 0, len / 2)
+    let second: str = str.substr(s, len / 2, len / 2)
+
+    return str.equal(first, second)
+
+func part1[ranges: array] : void
+    let sum: i64 = 0
+
+    for i in 0..array.size(ranges)
+        let parts: array = array.nth(ranges, i) |> str.split("-")
+        let start: i64 = array.nth(parts, 0) |> str.parse_i64()
+        let end: i64 = array.nth(parts, 1) |> str.parse_i64()
+
+        for n in (start)..end+1
+            if part1_is_invalid_id(str.from_i64(n))
+                sum = sum + n
+    
+    io.println_i64(sum)
+
+// had to cheat this one
+func part2_is_invalid_id[s: str] : bool
+    let len: i64 = str.len(s)
+    if len < 2
+        return false
+    for div in 1..(len / 2 + 1)
+        if len % div == 0
+            let u: str = str.substr(s, 0, div)
+            let is_repeat: bool = true
+            for k in 1..(len / div)
+                let segment: str = str.substr(s, k * div, div)
+                if !str.equal(segment, u)
+                    is_repeat = false
+            if is_repeat
+                return true
+    return false
+
+func part2[ranges: array] : void
+    let sum: i64 = 0
+
+    for i in 0..array.size(ranges)
+        let parts: array = array.nth(ranges, i) |> str.split("-")
+        let start: i64 = array.nth(parts, 0) |> str.parse_i64()
+        let end: i64 = array.nth(parts, 1) |> str.parse_i64()
+
+        for n in (start)..end+1
+            if part2_is_invalid_id(str.from_i64(n))
+                sum = sum + n
+    
+    io.println_i64(sum)
+
+func main[] : i64
+    let ranges: array = io.read_file("input.txt") |> str.split(",")
+
+    part1(ranges)
+    part2(ranges)

examples/puzzles/aoc2025_03.zr

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+func part1[lines: array] : void
+    let sum: i64 = 0
+
+    for i in 0..array.size(lines)
+        let line: str = array.nth(lines, i)
+
+        let largest: i64 = 0
+        for j in 0..str.len(line)
+            for k in (j+1)..str.len(line)
+                let s: str = mem.alloc(3)
+                str.set(s, 0, line[j])
+                str.set(s, 1, line[k])
+                str.set(s, 2, 0)
+                let n: i64 = str.parse_i64(s)
+                if n > largest
+                    largest = n
+
+        sum = sum + largest
+    io.println_i64(sum)
+
+// had to cheat this one
+func part2_rec[bank: str, start: i64, remaining: i64] : i64
+    let largest: i64 = 0
+    let largest_idx: i64 = start
+    let len: i64 = str.len(bank)
+
+    for i in (start)..(len-remaining+1)
+        let v: i64 = bank[i] - '0'
+        if v > largest
+            largest = v
+            largest_idx = i
+
+    if remaining > 1
+        return largest * math.pow(10, remaining - 1) + part2_rec(bank, largest_idx + 1, remaining - 1)
+    else
+        return largest
+
+func part2[lines: array] : void
+    let sum: i64 = 0
+
+    for i in 0..array.size(lines)
+        let line: str = array.nth(lines, i)
+
+        sum = sum + part2_rec(line, 0, 12)
+    io.println_i64(sum)
+
+func main[] : i64
+    let lines: array = io.read_file("input.txt") |> str.split("\n")
+
+    part1(lines)
+    part2(lines)

examples/puzzles/euler_01.zr

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-func main[] : I64
+func main[] : i64
-    let sum: I64 = 0
+    let sum: i64 = 0
 
     for i in 0..2000000
         if math.is_prime(i)
             sum = sum + i
-    io.print_i64(sum)
+    io.println_i64(sum)

examples/puzzles/euler_02.zr

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-func num_divisors[n: I64] : I64
+func num_divisors[n: i64] : i64
-    let end: I64 = math.isqrt(n)
+    let end: i64 = math.isqrt(n)
 
-    let out: I64 = 0
+    let out: i64 = 0
     for i in 1..end+1
         if n % i == 0
             out = out + 2
@@ -10,12 +10,12 @@ func num_divisors[n: I64] : I64
         out = out - 1
     return out
 
-func main[] : I64
+func main[] : i64
-    let n: I64 = 0
+    let n: i64 = 0
-    let i: I64 = 1
+    let i: i64 = 1
     while true
         n = n + i
         if num_divisors(n) > 500
-            io.print_i64(n)
+            io.println_i64(n)
             break
         i = i + 1

examples/puzzles/euler_03.zr

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-func main[] : I64
+func main[] : i64
     // leaks a bit of memory but looks very cool
     37107287533 + 46376937677 + 74324986199 + 91942213363 + 23067588207 + 89261670696 + 28112879812 + 44274228917 + 47451445736 + 70386486105 + 62176457141 + 64906352462 + 92575867718 + 58203565325 + 80181199384 + 35398664372 + 86515506006 + 71693888707 + 54370070576 + 53282654108 + 36123272525 + 45876576172 + 17423706905 + 81142660418 + 51934325451 + 62467221648 + 15732444386 + 55037687525 + 18336384825 + 80386287592 + 78182833757 + 16726320100 + 48403098129 + 87086987551 + 59959406895 + 69793950679 + 41052684708 + 65378607361 + 35829035317 + 94953759765 + 88902802571 + 25267680276 + 36270218540 + 24074486908 + 91430288197 + 34413065578 + 23053081172 + 11487696932 + 63783299490 + 67720186971 + 95548255300 + 76085327132 + 37774242535 + 23701913275 + 29798860272 + 18495701454 + 38298203783 + 34829543829 + 40957953066 + 29746152185 + 41698116222 + 62467957194 + 23189706772 + 86188088225 + 11306739708 + 82959174767 + 97623331044 + 42846280183 + 55121603546 + 32238195734 + 75506164965 + 62177842752 + 32924185707 + 99518671430 + 73267460800 + 76841822524 + 97142617910 + 87783646182 + 10848802521 + 71329612474 + 62184073572 + 66627891981 + 60661826293 + 85786944089 + 66024396409 + 64913982680 + 16730939319 + 94809377245 + 78639167021 + 15368713711 + 40789923115 + 44889911501 + 41503128880 + 81234880673 + 82616570773 + 22918802058 + 77158542502 + 72107838435 + 20849603980 + 53503534226
     |> str.from_i64()
     |> str.substr(0, 10)
-    |> io.print()
+    |> io.println()

examples/puzzles/euler_04.zr

@@ -1,22 +1,22 @@
-func collatz_num[n: I64] : I64
+func collatz_num[n: i64] : i64
     if n % 2 == 0
         return n / 2
     return n * 3 + 1
 
-func collatz_seq[n: I64]: I64
+func collatz_seq[n: i64]: i64
-    let i: I64 = 1
+    let i: i64 = 1
     while n != 1
         n = collatz_num(n)
         i = i + 1
     return i
 
-func main[] : I64
+func main[] : i64
-    let max: I64 = 0
+    let max: i64 = 0
-    let max_index: I64 = 0
+    let max_index: i64 = 0
 
     for i in 1..1000000
-        let seq: I64 = collatz_seq(i)
+        let seq: i64 = collatz_seq(i)
         if seq > max
             max = seq
             max_index = i
-    io.print_i64(max_index)
+    io.println_i64(max_index)

examples/puzzles/euler_05.zr

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+func main[] : i64
+    let n: i64 = 40
+    let r: i64 = 20
+    let out: i64 = 1
+
+    for i in 1..r+1
+        out = out * (n - (r - i)) / i
+
+    io.println_i64(out)

examples/puzzles/euler_06.zr

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-func main[] : I64
+func main[] : i64
-    let sum: I64 = 0
+    let sum: i64 = 0
 
     for i in 0..1000
         if i % 5 == 0 | i % 3 == 0
             sum = sum + i
-    io.print_i64(sum)
+    io.println_i64(sum)

examples/puzzles/euler_07.zr

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+func main[] : i64
+    let sum: i64 = 0
+    let a: i64 = 0
+    let b: i64 = 1
+
+    while a < 4000000
+        if a % 2 == 0
+            sum = sum + a
+        let temp: i64 = b
+        b = a + b
+        a = temp
+
+    io.println_i64(sum)

examples/puzzles/euler_08.zr

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-func main[] : I64
+func main[] : i64
-    let n: I64 = 600851475143
+    let n: i64 = 600851475143
-    let f: I64 = 2
+    let f: i64 = 2
 
     while f * f <= n
         if n % f == 0
@@ -8,4 +8,4 @@ func main[] : I64
         else
             f = f + 1
 
-    io.print_i64(n)
+    io.println_i64(n)

examples/puzzles/euler_09.zr

@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-func main[] : I64
+func main[] : i64
-    let out: I64 = 0
+    let out: i64 = 0
 
     for a in 500..1000
         for b in 500..1000
             if a * b > out
-                let s: String = str.from_i64(a * b)
+                let s: str = str.from_i64(a * b)
-                let s_rev: String = str.reverse(s)
+                let s_rev: str = str.reverse(s)
                 if str.equal(s, s_rev)
                     out = a * b
                 mem.free(s)
                 mem.free(s_rev)
-    io.print_i64(out)
+    io.println_i64(out)

examples/puzzles/euler_10.zr

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+func main[] : i64
+    let out: i64 = 1
+
+    for i in 1..21
+        out = math.lcm(out, i)
+    io.println_i64(out)

examples/puzzles/euler_11.zr

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-func main[] : I64
+func main[] : i64
-    let sum_of_squares: I64 = 0
+    let sum_of_squares: i64 = 0
     for i in 1..101
         sum_of_squares = sum_of_squares + i * i
 
-    let square_of_sum: I64 = 0
+    let square_of_sum: i64 = 0
     for i in 1..101
         square_of_sum = square_of_sum + i
     square_of_sum = square_of_sum * square_of_sum
 
-    io.print_i64(square_of_sum - sum_of_squares)
+    io.println_i64(square_of_sum - sum_of_squares)

examples/puzzles/euler_12.zr

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-func main[] : I64
+func main[] : i64
-    let found: I64 = 0
+    let found: i64 = 0
 
-    let i: I64 = 1
+    let i: i64 = 1
     while true
         if math.is_prime(i)
             found = found + 1
             if found == 10001
-                io.print_i64(i)
+                io.println_i64(i)
                 break
         i = i + 1

examples/puzzles/euler_13.zr

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+func main[] : i64
+    let n: str = "7316717653133062491922511967442657474235534919493496983520312774506326239578318016984801869478851843858615607891129494954595017379583319528532088055111254069874715852386305071569329096329522744304355766896648950445244523161731856403098711121722383113622298934233803081353362766142828064444866452387493035890729629049156044077239071381051585930796086670172427121883998797908792274921901699720888093776657273330010533678812202354218097512545405947522435258490771167055601360483958644670632441572215539753697817977846174064955149290862569321978468622482839722413756570560574902614079729686524145351004748216637048440319989000889524345065854122758866688116427171479924442928230863465674813919123162824586178664583591245665294765456828489128831426076900422421902267105562632111110937054421750694165896040807198403850962455444362981230987879927244284909188845801561660979191338754992005240636899125607176060588611646710940507754100225698315520005593572972571636269561882670428252483600823257530420752963450"
+
+    let out: i64 = 0
+    let max: i64 = str.len(n) - 13
+    for i in 0..max
+        let s: i64 = 1
+        let j: i64 = 0
+        while j < 13
+            s = s * (n[i + j] - '0')
+            j = j + 1
+        if s > out
+            out = s
+    io.println_i64(out)

examples/puzzles/euler_14.zr

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-func main[] : I64
+func main[] : i64
     for a in 1..1000
         for b in 1..1000
-            let c: I64 = 1000 - b - a
+            let c: i64 = 1000 - b - a
             if a * a + b * b == c * c
-                io.print_i64(a * b * c)
+                io.println_i64(a * b * c)
                 return 0

examples/quicksort.zr

@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
-func main[] : I64
+func main[] : i64
-    let arr: Array = []
+    let arr: array = []
     for i in 0..10
-        array.push(arr, math.abs(math.urandom() % 1000))
+        array.push(arr, math.abs(os.urandom() % 1000))
 
     for i in 0..array.size(arr)
-        io.print_i64(arr[i])
+        io.println_i64(array.nth(arr, i))
-    io.print("------------")
+    io.println("------------")
 
     alg.quicksort(arr)
 
     for i in 0..array.size(arr)
-        io.print_i64(arr[i])
+        io.println_i64(array.nth(arr, i))
 
     array.free(arr)

examples/raylib.zr

@@ -1,42 +1,35 @@
-// musl doesnt like dlopen, needs to be compiled with -m
+// needs to be compiled with -m -C="/usr/local/lib/libraylib.a -lm"
 
-func main[] : I64
+extern InitWindow
-    let rl: Ptr = c.dlopen("libraylib.so", 2)
+extern SetTargetFPS
+extern WindowShouldClose
+extern BeginDrawing
+extern EndDrawing
+extern ClearBackground
+extern CloseWindow
+extern DrawRectangle
+extern IsKeyDown
 
-    let rl.InitWindow: Ptr = c.dlsym(rl, "InitWindow")
+func main[] : i64
-    let rl.SetTargetFPS: Ptr = c.dlsym(rl, "SetTargetFPS")
+    let x: i64 = 200
-    let rl.WindowShouldClose: Ptr = c.dlsym(rl, "WindowShouldClose")
+    let y: i64 = 200
-    let rl.BeginDrawing: Ptr = c.dlsym(rl, "BeginDrawing")
-    let rl.EndDrawing: Ptr = c.dlsym(rl, "EndDrawing")
-    let rl.ClearBackground: Ptr = c.dlsym(rl, "ClearBackground")
-    let rl.CloseWindow: Ptr = c.dlsym(rl, "CloseWindow")
-    let rl.DrawRectangle: Ptr = c.dlsym(rl, "DrawRectangle")
-    let rl.IsKeyDown: Ptr = c.dlsym(rl, "IsKeyDown")
 
-    let rl.KEY_W: I64 = 87
+    InitWindow(800, 600, "Hello, World!")
-    let rl.KEY_S: I64 = 83
+    SetTargetFPS(60)
-    let rl.KEY_A: I64 = 65
-    let rl.KEY_D: I64 = 68
 
-    let x: I64 = 200
+    while !WindowShouldClose()
-    let y: I64 = 200
+        if IsKeyDown(87) & 255 // W
-
-    rl.InitWindow(800, 600, "Hello, World!")
-    rl.SetTargetFPS(60)
-
-    while !rl.WindowShouldClose()
-        if rl.IsKeyDown(rl.KEY_W) & 255
             y = y - 10
-        if rl.IsKeyDown(rl.KEY_S) & 255
+        if IsKeyDown(83) & 255 // S
             y = y + 10
-        if rl.IsKeyDown(rl.KEY_A) & 255
+        if IsKeyDown(65) & 255 // A
             x = x - 10
-        if rl.IsKeyDown(rl.KEY_D) & 255
+        if IsKeyDown(68) & 255 // D
             x = x + 10
 
-        rl.BeginDrawing()
+        BeginDrawing()
-        rl.ClearBackground(0xffffffff)
+        ClearBackground(0xffffffff)
-        rl.DrawRectangle(x, y, 100, 100, 0xff0000ff)
+        DrawRectangle(x, y, 100, 100, 0xff0000ff)
-        rl.EndDrawing()
+        EndDrawing()
 
-    rl.CloseWindow()
+    CloseWindow()

examples/rule110.zr

@@ -1,32 +1,32 @@
-func rule110_step[state: Array] : Array
+func rule110_step[state: array] : array
-    let new_state: Array = []
+    let new_state: array = []
-    let state_len: I64 = array.size(state)
+    let state_len: i64 = array.size(state)
 
     for i in 0..state_len
-        let left: Bool = false
+        let left: bool = false
         if i - 1 >= 0
-            left = state[i-1]
+            left = array.nth(state, i - 1)
-        let center: Bool = state[i]
+        let center: bool = array.nth(state, i)
-        let right: Bool = false
+        let right: bool = false
         if i + 1 < state_len
-            right = state[i+1]
+            right = array.nth(state, i + 1)
 
         array.push(new_state, !((!left & !center & !right) | (left & !center & !right) | (left & center & right)))
 
     return new_state
 
-func print_state[state: Array]: Void
+func print_state[state: array]: void
     for i in 0..array.size(state)
-        if state[i]
+        if array.nth(state, i)
-            c.putchar('#')
+            io.print_char('#')
         else
-            c.putchar(' ')
+            io.print_char(' ')
-    io.print("")
+    io.println("")
 
-func main[] : I64
+func main[] : i64
-    let SIZE: I64 = 60
+    let SIZE: i64 = 60
 
-    let state: Array = []
+    let state: array = []
     for i in 0..SIZE
         array.push(state, false)
     array.push(state, true)

examples/sqlite_todo.zr

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+// needs to be compiled with -m -C="-lsqlite3"
+extern sqlite3_open
+extern sqlite3_exec
+extern sqlite3_prepare_v2
+extern sqlite3_bind_int
+extern sqlite3_bind_text
+extern sqlite3_step
+extern sqlite3_errmsg
+extern sqlite3_column_int
+extern sqlite3_column_text
+extern sqlite3_finalize
+
+func main[] : i64
+    let rc: i64 = 0
+    let db: i64 = 0
+    let stmt: i64 = 0
+
+    rc = sqlite3_open("todo.db", @db)
+    if rc
+        dbg.panic("failed to open db")
+
+    rc = sqlite3_exec(db, "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS todo(id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, task TEXT NOT NULL);", 0, 0, 0)
+    if rc
+        dbg.panic(sqlite3_errmsg(db))
+    
+    while true
+        io.println("1. List tasks")
+        io.println("2. Add task")
+        io.println("3. Delete task")
+        io.println("0. Quit")
+        io.print("\n> ")
+
+        let choice: i64 = io.read_line() |> str.parse_i64()
+
+        if choice == 0
+            break
+        else if choice == 1
+            io.println("============")
+            sqlite3_prepare_v2(db, "SELECT * FROM todo", -1, @stmt, 0)
+
+            while sqlite3_step(stmt) == 100
+                let id: i64 = sqlite3_column_int(stmt, 0)
+                let task: str = sqlite3_column_text(stmt, 1)
+                
+                io.print_i64(id)
+                io.print(" - ")
+                io.println(task)
+
+            io.println("============")
+        else if choice == 2
+            io.print("\nEnter new task: ")
+            let task: str = io.read_line() |> str.trim()
+
+            sqlite3_prepare_v2(db, "INSERT INTO todo(task) VALUES (?);", -1, @stmt, 0)
+            sqlite3_bind_text(stmt, 1, task, -1, 0)
+            if sqlite3_step(stmt) != 101
+                dbg.panic(sqlite3_errmsg(db))
+
+            io.println("\nTask added\n")
+        else if choice == 3
+            io.print("\nEnter task id: ")
+            let id: i64 = io.read_line() |> str.parse_i64()
+
+            sqlite3_prepare_v2(db, "DELETE FROM todo WHERE id = ?;", -1, @stmt, 0)
+            sqlite3_bind_int(stmt, 1, id, -1, 0)
+            if sqlite3_step(stmt) != 101
+                dbg.panic(sqlite3_errmsg(db))
+
+            io.println("\nTask deleted\n")
+
+    sqlite3_finalize(stmt)

examples/tcp_server.zr

@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
-func main[] : I64
+func main[] : i64
-    let s: I64 = net.listen(8000)
+    let host: i64 = net.pack_addr(127, 0, 0, 1)
+    let s: i64 = net.listen(host, 8000)
 
-    let resp: String = mem.alloc(60000)
+    let resp: str = mem.alloc(60000)
     while true
-        let conn: I64 = c.accept(s, 0, 0)
+        let conn: i64 = net.accept(s)
         if conn < 0
             continue
 
-        let n: I64 = c.read(conn, resp, 60000)
+        let n: i64 = net.read(conn, resp, 60000)
-        c.send(conn, resp, n, 0)
+        net.send(conn, resp, n)
-        c.close(conn)
+        net.close(conn)

examples/x11.zr

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+// needs to be compiled with -m -C="-lX11"
+extern XOpenDisplay
+extern XDefaultRootWindow
+extern XCreateSimpleWindow
+extern XMapWindow
+extern XSelectInput
+extern XNextEvent
+extern XBlackPixel
+extern XWhitePixel
+extern XSetForeground
+extern XCreateGC
+extern XDefaultScreen
+extern XDrawString
+
+func main[] : i64
+
+    let dpy: ptr = XOpenDisplay(0)
+    let screen: ptr = XDefaultScreen(dpy)
+
+    let white: ptr = XWhitePixel(dpy, screen)
+    let black: ptr = XBlackPixel(dpy, screen)
+
+    let win: ptr = XCreateSimpleWindow(dpy, XDefaultRootWindow(dpy), 0, 0, 200, 100, 0, black, white)
+
+    XSelectInput(dpy, win, 1 << 15)
+    XMapWindow(dpy, win)
+
+    let gc: ptr = XCreateGC(dpy, win, 0, 0)
+    XSetForeground(dpy, gc, black)
+    
+    let ev: ptr = mem.alloc(256)
+    
+    while true
+        XNextEvent(dpy, ev)
+        if ev[0] == 12
+            XDrawString(dpy, win, gc, 20, 50, "Hello, World!", 13)

src/analyzer.rs

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use crate::{
 };
 
 pub struct Analyzer {
-    pub functions: HashMap<String, usize>,
+    pub functions: HashMap<String, i32>,
 }
 
 impl Analyzer {
@@ -22,12 +22,14 @@ impl Analyzer {
             params,
             return_type: _,
             body: _,
+            exported: _,
         } = stmt
         {
             if self.functions.contains_key(&name.lexeme) {
                 return error!(name.loc, format!("tried to redefine '{}'", name.lexeme));
             }
-            self.functions.insert(name.lexeme.clone(), params.len());
+            self.functions
+                .insert(name.lexeme.clone(), params.len() as i32);
         }
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -65,9 +67,10 @@ impl Analyzer {
                 params: _,
                 return_type,
                 body,
+                exported: _,
             } => {
-                if name.lexeme == "main" && return_type.lexeme != "I64" {
+                if name.lexeme == "main" && return_type.lexeme != "i64" {
-                    return error!(&name.loc, "main must return I64");
+                    return error!(&name.loc, "main must return i64");
                 }
 
                 self.analyze_stmt(body)?;
@@ -87,6 +90,12 @@ impl Analyzer {
             }
             Stmt::Break => {}
             Stmt::Continue => {}
+            Stmt::Extern(name) => {
+                if self.functions.contains_key(&name.lexeme) {
+                    return error!(name.loc, format!("tried to redefine '{}'", name.lexeme));
+                }
+                self.functions.insert(name.lexeme.clone(), -1);
+            }
         }
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -111,20 +120,31 @@ impl Analyzer {
                 paren,
                 args,
             } => {
-                let callee = match callee.as_ref() {
+                if let Expr::Variable(callee_name) = *callee.clone() {
-                    Expr::Variable(name) => name.lexeme.clone(),
+                    if callee_name.lexeme.starts_with("_builtin_")
-                    _ => return error!(&paren.loc, "tried to call a non-constant expression"),
+                        || self.functions.contains_key(&callee_name.lexeme)
-                };
+                    {
-
+                        // its a function (defined/builtin/extern)
-                if let Some(arity) = self.functions.get(&callee) {
+                        if let Some(arity) = self.functions.get(&callee_name.lexeme) {
-                    if *arity != args.len() {
+                            if *arity >= 0 && *arity != args.len() as i32 {
                                 return error!(
                                     &paren.loc,
                                     format!("expected {} arguments, got {}", arity, args.len())
                                 );
                             }
+                        } else if !callee_name.lexeme.starts_with("_builtin_") {
+                            return error!(
+                                &paren.loc,
+                                format!("undefined function: {}", callee_name.lexeme)
+                            );
+                        }
                     } else {
-                    // TODO: cant error here since we dont analyze externs/builtins
+                        // its a variable containing function address
+                        self.analyze_expr(callee)?;
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    // its an expression that evalutes to function address
+                    self.analyze_expr(callee)?;
                 }
 
                 for arg in args {
@@ -140,6 +160,9 @@ impl Analyzer {
                 self.analyze_expr(expr)?;
                 self.analyze_expr(index)?;
             }
+            Expr::AddrOf { op: _, expr } => {
+                self.analyze_expr(expr)?;
+            }
         }
         Ok(())
     }

src/codegen_x86_64.rs

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 use std::{collections::HashMap, fmt::Write};
 
 use crate::{
+    analyzer::Analyzer,
     parser::{Expr, Stmt},
     tokenizer::{TokenType, ZernError, error},
 };
 
 pub struct Var {
-    // pub var_type: String,
     pub stack_offset: usize,
 }
 
@@ -65,20 +65,22 @@ macro_rules! emit {
 
 static REGISTERS: [&str; 6] = ["rdi", "rsi", "rdx", "rcx", "r8", "r9"];
 
-pub struct CodegenX86_64 {
+pub struct CodegenX86_64<'a> {
     output: String,
     data_section: String,
     label_counter: usize,
     data_counter: usize,
+    pub analyzer: &'a mut Analyzer,
 }
 
-impl CodegenX86_64 {
+impl<'a> CodegenX86_64<'a> {
-    pub fn new() -> CodegenX86_64 {
+    pub fn new(analyzer: &'a mut Analyzer) -> CodegenX86_64<'a> {
         CodegenX86_64 {
             output: String::new(),
             data_section: String::new(),
             label_counter: 0,
             data_counter: 1,
+            analyzer,
         }
     }
 
@@ -88,11 +90,7 @@ impl CodegenX86_64 {
     }
 
     pub fn get_output(&self) -> String {
-        format!(
+        format!("section .data\n{}{}", self.data_section, self.output)
-            "section .data
-{}{}",
-            self.data_section, self.output
-        )
     }
 
     pub fn emit_prologue(&mut self) -> Result<(), ZernError> {
@@ -101,20 +99,6 @@ impl CodegenX86_64 {
             "section .note.GNU-stack
     db 0
 
-section .text
-"
-        );
-
-        // take that rustfmt
-        for name in "malloc,memset,realloc,free,puts,putchar,printf,snprintf,strtol,strlen,strcmp,strcat,strcpy,strncpy,fopen,fseek,ftell,fread,fwrite,fclose,rewind,system,opendir,readdir,closedir,exit,gettimeofday,connect,socket,send,write,read,close,bind,listen,accept,getchar,gethostbyname,dlopen,dlsym".split(",")
-        {
-            emit!(&mut self.output, "extern {}", name);
-            emit!(&mut self.output, "c.{} equ {}", name, name);
-        }
-
-        emit!(
-            &mut self.output,
-            "
 section .text._builtin_read8
 _builtin_read8:
     xor rax, rax
@@ -135,6 +119,24 @@ section .text._builtin_set64
 _builtin_set64:
     mov [rdi], rsi
     ret
+
+section .text._builtin_syscall
+_builtin_syscall:
+    mov rax, rdi
+    mov rdi, rsi
+    mov rsi, rdx
+    mov rdx, rcx
+    mov r10, r8
+    mov r8,  r9
+    mov r9,  [rsp+8]
+    syscall
+    ret
+
+section .text._builtin_environ
+_builtin_environ:
+    extern environ
+    mov rax, [rel environ]
+    ret
 "
         );
         Ok(())
@@ -206,8 +208,9 @@ _builtin_set64:
                 params,
                 return_type: _,
                 body,
+                exported,
             } => {
-                if name.lexeme == "main" {
+                if exported || name.lexeme == "main" {
                     emit!(&mut self.output, "global {}", name.lexeme);
                 }
                 emit!(&mut self.output, "section .text.{}", name.lexeme);
@@ -228,12 +231,15 @@ _builtin_set64:
 
                 self.compile_stmt(env, *body)?;
 
-                // fallback to returning null
+                // fallback to null
+                // very hacky but works
+                if !self.output.trim_end().ends_with("    ret") {
                     emit!(&mut self.output, "    mov rax, 0");
                     emit!(&mut self.output, "    mov rsp, rbp");
                     emit!(&mut self.output, "    pop rbp");
                     emit!(&mut self.output, "    ret");
                 }
+            }
             Stmt::Return(expr) => {
                 self.compile_expr(env, expr)?;
                 emit!(&mut self.output, "    mov rsp, rbp");
@@ -252,7 +258,7 @@ _builtin_set64:
                 env.loop_end_label = self.label();
 
                 env.push_scope();
-                let offset = env.define_var(var.lexeme, "I64".into());
+                let offset = env.define_var(var.lexeme, "i64".into());
 
                 self.compile_expr(env, start)?;
                 emit!(&mut self.output, "    mov QWORD [rbp-{}], rax", offset);
@@ -281,6 +287,9 @@ _builtin_set64:
                 // TODO: skips incrementing when used in a for loop
                 emit!(&mut self.output, "    jmp {}", env.loop_begin_label);
             }
+            Stmt::Extern(name) => {
+                emit!(&mut self.output, "extern {}", name.lexeme);
+            }
         }
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -453,40 +462,60 @@ _builtin_set64:
             }
             Expr::Call {
                 callee,
-                paren,
+                paren: _,
                 args,
             } => {
-                let callee = match *callee {
-                    Expr::Variable(name) => name.lexeme,
-                    _ => return error!(&paren.loc, "tried to call a non-constant expression"),
-                };
-
                 for arg in &args {
                     self.compile_expr(env, arg.clone())?;
                     emit!(&mut self.output, "    push rax");
                 }
 
-                for i in (0..args.len()).rev() {
+                let arg_count = args.len();
-                    let reg = match REGISTERS.get(i) {
+                if arg_count <= 6 {
-                        Some(x) => x,
+                    for i in (0..arg_count).rev() {
-                        None => return error!(&paren.loc, "only up to 6 args allowed"),
+                        emit!(&mut self.output, "    pop {}", REGISTERS[i]);
-                    };
-                    emit!(&mut self.output, "    pop {}", reg);
                     }
-
+                } else {
-                match env.get_var(&callee) {
+                    for (i, reg) in REGISTERS.iter().enumerate() {
-                    Some(var) => {
+                        let offset = 8 * (arg_count - 1 - i);
                         emit!(
                             &mut self.output,
-                            "    mov rax, QWORD [rbp-{}]",
+                            "    mov {}, QWORD [rsp + {}]",
-                            var.stack_offset,
+                            reg,
+                            offset
                         );
+                    }
+                    let num_stack = arg_count - 6;
+                    for i in 0..num_stack {
+                        let arg_idx = arg_count - 1 - i;
+                        let offset = 8 * (arg_count - 1 - arg_idx);
+                        emit!(&mut self.output, "    mov rax, QWORD [rsp + {}]", offset);
+                        emit!(&mut self.output, "    push rax");
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if let Expr::Variable(callee_name) = &*callee {
+                    if callee_name.lexeme.starts_with("_builtin_")
+                        || self.analyzer.functions.contains_key(&callee_name.lexeme)
+                    {
+                        // its a function (defined/builtin/extern)
+                        emit!(&mut self.output, "    call {}", callee_name.lexeme);
+                    } else {
+                        // its a variable containing function address
+                        self.compile_expr(env, *callee)?;
                         emit!(&mut self.output, "    call rax");
                     }
-                    None => {
+                } else {
-                        emit!(&mut self.output, "    call {}", callee);
+                    // its an expression that evalutes to function address
+                    self.compile_expr(env, *callee)?;
+                    emit!(&mut self.output, "    call rax");
+                }
+
+                if arg_count > 6 {
+                    let num_stack = arg_count - 6;
+                    emit!(&mut self.output, "    add rsp, {}", 8 * num_stack);
+                    emit!(&mut self.output, "    add rsp, {}", 8 * arg_count);
                 }
-                };
             }
             Expr::ArrayLiteral(exprs) => {
                 emit!(&mut self.output, "    call array.new");
@@ -503,12 +532,36 @@ _builtin_set64:
             }
             Expr::Index { expr, index } => {
                 self.compile_expr(env, *expr)?;
-                emit!(&mut self.output, "    push rax");
+                emit!(&mut self.output, "    mov rdi, rax");
                 self.compile_expr(env, *index)?;
-                emit!(&mut self.output, "    pop rbx");
+                emit!(&mut self.output, "    add rdi, rax");
-                emit!(&mut self.output, "    mov rbx, [rbx]");
+                emit!(&mut self.output, "    call _builtin_read8");
-                emit!(&mut self.output, "    mov rax, [rbx + rax*8]");
             }
+            Expr::AddrOf { op, expr } => match *expr {
+                Expr::Variable(name) => {
+                    if self.analyzer.functions.contains_key(&name.lexeme) {
+                        emit!(&mut self.output, "    mov rax, {}", name.lexeme);
+                    } else {
+                        let var = match env.get_var(&name.lexeme) {
+                            Some(x) => x,
+                            None => {
+                                return error!(
+                                    name.loc,
+                                    format!("undefined variable: {}", &name.lexeme)
+                                );
+                            }
+                        };
+                        emit!(
+                            &mut self.output,
+                            "    lea rax, QWORD [rbp-{}]",
+                            var.stack_offset,
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
+                _ => {
+                    return error!(&op.loc, "can only take address of variables and functions");
+                }
+            },
         }
         Ok(())
     }

src/main.rs

@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ use tokenizer::ZernError;
 use clap::Parser;
 
 fn compile_file_to(
-    analyzer: &mut analyzer::Analyzer,
     codegen: &mut codegen_x86_64::CodegenX86_64,
     filename: &str,
     source: String,
@@ -26,11 +25,11 @@ fn compile_file_to(
     let statements = parser.parse()?;
 
     for stmt in &statements {
-        analyzer.register_function(stmt)?;
+        codegen.analyzer.register_function(stmt)?;
     }
 
     for stmt in &statements {
-        analyzer.analyze_stmt(stmt)?;
+        codegen.analyzer.analyze_stmt(stmt)?;
     }
 
     for stmt in statements {
@@ -62,15 +61,10 @@ fn compile_file(args: Args) -> Result<(), ZernError> {
     let filename = Path::new(&args.path).file_name().unwrap().to_str().unwrap();
 
     let mut analyzer = analyzer::Analyzer::new();
-    let mut codegen = codegen_x86_64::CodegenX86_64::new();
+    let mut codegen = codegen_x86_64::CodegenX86_64::new(&mut analyzer);
     codegen.emit_prologue()?;
-    compile_file_to(
+    compile_file_to(&mut codegen, "std.zr", include_str!("std.zr").into())?;
-        &mut analyzer,
+    compile_file_to(&mut codegen, filename, source)?;
-        &mut codegen,
-        "std.zr",
-        include_str!("std.zr").into(),
-    )?;
-    compile_file_to(&mut analyzer, &mut codegen, filename, source)?;
 
     if !args.output_asm {
         fs::write(format!("{}.s", args.out), codegen.get_output()).unwrap();

src/parser.rs

@@ -35,10 +35,12 @@ pub enum Stmt {
         params: Vec<Param>,
         return_type: Token,
         body: Box<Stmt>,
+        exported: bool,
     },
     Return(Expr),
     Break,
     Continue,
+    Extern(Token),
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
@@ -69,10 +71,14 @@ pub enum Expr {
         expr: Box<Expr>,
         index: Box<Expr>,
     },
+    AddrOf {
+        op: Token,
+        expr: Box<Expr>,
+    },
 }
 
 // TODO: currently they are all just 8 byte values
-static TYPES: [&str; 7] = ["Void", "U8", "I64", "String", "Bool", "Ptr", "Array"];
+static TYPES: [&str; 7] = ["void", "u8", "i64", "str", "bool", "ptr", "array"];
 
 pub struct Parser {
     tokens: Vec<Token>,
@@ -100,7 +106,14 @@ impl Parser {
     fn declaration(&mut self) -> Result<Stmt, ZernError> {
         if !self.is_inside_function {
             if self.match_token(&[TokenType::KeywordFunc]) {
-                return self.func_declaration();
+                return self.func_declaration(false);
+            }
+            if self.match_token(&[TokenType::KeywordExport]) {
+                self.consume(TokenType::KeywordFunc, "expected 'func' after 'export'")?;
+                return self.func_declaration(true);
+            }
+            if self.match_token(&[TokenType::KeywordExtern]) {
+                return self.extern_declaration();
             }
             return error!(
                 self.peek().loc,
@@ -115,7 +128,7 @@ impl Parser {
         }
     }
 
-    fn func_declaration(&mut self) -> Result<Stmt, ZernError> {
+    fn func_declaration(&mut self, exported: bool) -> Result<Stmt, ZernError> {
         let name = self.consume(TokenType::Identifier, "expected function name")?;
         self.consume(TokenType::LeftBracket, "expected '[' after function name")?;
 
@@ -153,6 +166,7 @@ impl Parser {
             params,
             return_type,
             body,
+            exported,
         })
     }
 
@@ -174,6 +188,12 @@ impl Parser {
         })
     }
 
+    fn extern_declaration(&mut self) -> Result<Stmt, ZernError> {
+        Ok(Stmt::Extern(
+            self.consume(TokenType::Identifier, "expected extern name")?,
+        ))
+    }
+
     fn block(&mut self) -> Result<Stmt, ZernError> {
         self.consume(TokenType::Indent, "expected an indent")?;
 
@@ -271,7 +291,7 @@ impl Parser {
     }
 
     fn pipe(&mut self) -> Result<Expr, ZernError> {
-        let mut expr = self.logical_or()?;
+        let mut expr = self.or_and()?;
 
         while self.match_token(&[TokenType::Pipe]) {
             let pipe = self.previous().clone();
@@ -300,26 +320,10 @@ impl Parser {
         Ok(expr)
     }
 
-    fn logical_or(&mut self) -> Result<Expr, ZernError> {
+    fn or_and(&mut self) -> Result<Expr, ZernError> {
-        let mut expr = self.logical_and()?;
-
-        while self.match_token(&[TokenType::BitOr]) {
-            let op = self.previous().clone();
-            let right = self.logical_and()?;
-            expr = Expr::Binary {
-                left: Box::new(expr),
-                op,
-                right: Box::new(right),
-            }
-        }
-
-        Ok(expr)
-    }
-
-    fn logical_and(&mut self) -> Result<Expr, ZernError> {
         let mut expr = self.equality()?;
 
-        while self.match_token(&[TokenType::BitAnd]) {
+        while self.match_token(&[TokenType::BitOr, TokenType::BitAnd]) {
             let op = self.previous().clone();
             let right = self.equality()?;
             expr = Expr::Binary {
@@ -408,6 +412,14 @@ impl Parser {
     }
 
     fn unary(&mut self) -> Result<Expr, ZernError> {
+        if self.match_token(&[TokenType::At]) {
+            let op = self.previous().clone();
+            let right = self.unary()?;
+            return Ok(Expr::AddrOf {
+                op,
+                expr: Box::new(right),
+            });
+        }
         if self.match_token(&[TokenType::Bang, TokenType::Minus]) {
             let op = self.previous().clone();
             let right = self.unary()?;

src/std.zr

@@ -1,127 +1,185 @@
-func dbg.panic[msg: String] : Void
+extern malloc
-    c.printf("PANIC: %s\n", msg)
+extern realloc
-    c.exit(1)
+extern free
+extern gethostbyname
 
-func mem.alloc[x: I64] : Ptr
+func dbg.panic[msg: str] : void
-    return c.malloc(x)
+    io.print("PANIC: ")
+    io.println(msg)
+    0/0 // crashes program which is kinda better since you get a gdb backtrace
+    os.exit(1)
 
-func mem.free[x: Ptr] : Void
+func mem.alloc[x: i64] : ptr
-    c.free(x)
+    return malloc(x)
 
-func mem.zero[x: I64, size: I64] : Void
+func mem.free[x: ptr] : void
-    c.memset(x, 0, size)
+    free(x)
 
-func mem.read8[x: Ptr] : U8
+func mem.zero[x: i64, size: i64] : void
+    for i in 0..size
+        mem.write8(x + i, 0)
+
+func mem.read8[x: ptr] : u8
     return _builtin_read8(x)
 
-func mem.read64[x: Ptr] : I64
+func mem.read16[x: ptr] : i64
+    let low: i64 = mem.read8(x)
+    let high: i64 = mem.read8(x + 1)
+    return low | (high << 8)
+
+func mem.read64[x: ptr] : i64
     return _builtin_read64(x)
 
-func mem.write8[x: Ptr, d: U8] : Void
+func mem.write8[x: ptr, d: u8] : void
     _builtin_set8(x, d)
 
-func mem.write64[x: Ptr, d: I64] : Void
+func mem.write64[x: ptr, d: i64] : void
     _builtin_set64(x, d)
 
-func io.print[x: String] : Void
+func io.print_sized[x: str, size: i64] : void
-    c.puts(x)
+    _builtin_syscall(1, 1, x, size) // write
 
-func io.print_i64[x: I64] : Void
+func io.print[x: str] : void
-    c.printf("%ld\n", x)
+    io.print_sized(x, str.len(x))
 
-func io.read_stdin[]: String
+func io.println[x: str] : void
-    let buffer: String = mem.alloc(1025)
+    io.print(x)
-    let n: I64 = c.read(0, buffer, 1024)
+    io.print("\n")
+
+func io.print_char[x: u8] : void
+    io.print_sized(@x, 1)
+
+func io.print_i64[x: i64] : void
+    let s: str = str.from_i64(x)
+    io.print(s)
+    mem.free(s)
+
+func io.println_i64[x: i64] : void
+    let s: str = str.from_i64(x)
+    io.println(s)
+    mem.free(s)
+
+func io.read_char[] : u8
+    let c: u8 = 0
+    _builtin_syscall(0, 0, @c, 1) // read
+    return c
+
+func io.read_line[]: str
+    let MAX_SIZE: i64 = 60000
+    let buffer: str = mem.alloc(MAX_SIZE + 1)
+    let n: i64 = _builtin_syscall(0, 0, buffer, MAX_SIZE) // read
     if n < 0
         return ""
     str.set(buffer, n, 0)
     return buffer
 
-func io.read_file[path: String]: String
+func io.read_file[path: str]: str
-    let file: Ptr = c.fopen(path, "rb")
+    let fd: i64 = _builtin_syscall(257, -100, path, 0, 0) // openat
-    if !file
+    if fd <= 0
         dbg.panic("failed to open file")
 
-    c.fseek(file, 0, 2)
+    let size: i64 = _builtin_syscall(8, fd, 0, 2) // lseek to the end
-    let size: I64 = c.ftell(file)
+    _builtin_syscall(8, fd, 0, 0) // lseek back to start
-    c.rewind(file)
 
-    let buffer: String = mem.alloc(size + 1)
+    let buffer: str = mem.alloc(size + 1)
-
+    let n: i64 = _builtin_syscall(0, fd, buffer, size) // read
-    // TODO: check if works with huge files
-    let n: I64 = c.fread(buffer, 1, size, file)
     str.set(buffer, n, 0)
-    c.fclose(file)
+    _builtin_syscall(3, fd) // close
     return buffer
 
-func io.write_file[path: String, content: String] : Void
+func io.write_file[path: str, content: str] : void
-    let file: Ptr = c.fopen(path, "wb")
+    let fd: ptr = _builtin_syscall(257, -100, path, 0x241, 0o644) // openat
-    if !file
+    if fd < 0
         dbg.panic("failed to open file")
 
-    c.fwrite(content, 1, str.len(content), file)
+    _builtin_syscall(1, fd, content, str.len(content)) // write
-    c.fclose(file)
+    _builtin_syscall(3, fd) // close
 
-func str.len[s: String] : I64
+func str.len[s: str] : i64
-    return c.strlen(s)
+    let i: i64 = 0
+    while mem.read8(s + i)
+        i = i + 1
+    return i
 
-func str.nth[s: String, n: I64] : U8
+func str.copy[s: str] : str
-    return mem.read8(s + n)
+    let size: i64 = str.len(s) + 1
-
+    let dup: str = mem.alloc(size)
-func str.copy[s: String] : String
+    for i in 0..size
-    let size: I64 = str.len(s) + 1
+        str.set(dup, i, s[i])
-    let dup: String = mem.alloc(size)
-    for i in 0..size+1
-        str.set(dup, i, str.nth(s, i))
     return dup
 
-func str.set[s: String, n: I64, c: U8] : Void
+func str.set[s: str, n: i64, c: u8] : void
-    mem.write8(s+n, c)
+    mem.write8(s + n, c)
 
-func str.equal[a: String, b: String] : Bool
+func str.equal[a: str, b: str] : bool
-    return c.strcmp(a, b) == 0
+    let i: i64 = 0
+    while a[i] != 0 & b[i] != 0
+        if a[i] != b[i]
+            return false
+        i = i + 1
+    return a[i] == b[i]
 
-func str.is_whitespace[x: U8] : Bool
+func str.is_whitespace[x: u8] : bool
     return x == ' ' | x == 10 | x == 13 | x == 9
 
-func str.concat[a: String, b: String] : String
+func str.concat[a: str, b: str] : str
-    let out: String = mem.alloc(str.len(a) + str.len(b) + 1)
+    let a_len: i64 = str.len(a)
-    c.strcpy(out, a)
+    let b_len: i64 = str.len(b)
-    c.strcat(out, b)
+    let out: str = mem.alloc(a_len + b_len + 1)
+    for i in 0..a_len
+        str.set(out, i, a[i])
+    for i in 0..b_len
+        str.set(out, a_len + i, b[i])
+    str.set(out, a_len + b_len, 0)
     return out
 
-func str.find[s: String, c: U8] : I64
+func str.find[haystack: str, needle: str] : i64
-    let s_len: I64 = str.len(s)
+    let haystack_len: i64 = str.len(haystack)
-    for i in 0..s_len
+    let needle_len: i64 = str.len(needle)
-        if str.nth(s, i) == c
+
+    if needle_len == 0
+        return 0
+
+    for i in 0..(haystack_len - needle_len + 1)
+        let match: bool = true
+        for j in 0..needle_len
+            if haystack[i + j] != needle[j]
+                match = false
+                break
+        if match
             return i
     return -1
 
-func str.substr[s: String, start: I64, length: I64] : String
+func str.substr[s: str, start: i64, length: i64] : str
     if start < 0 | length < 0 | start + length > str.len(s)
         dbg.panic("str.substr out of bounds")
 
-    let out: String = mem.alloc(length + 1)
+    let out: str = mem.alloc(length + 1)
-    c.strncpy(out, s + start, length)
+    for i in 0..length
+        str.set(out, i, s[start + i])
     str.set(out, length, 0)
     return out
 
-func str.trim[s: String] : String
+func str.trim[s: str] : str
-    let start: I64 = 0
+    let len: i64 = str.len(s)
-    let end: I64 = str.len(s) - 1
+    if len == 0
+        return ""
 
-    while start <= end & str.is_whitespace(str.nth(s, start))
+    let start: i64 = 0
+    let end: i64 = len - 1
+
+    while start <= end & str.is_whitespace(s[start])
         start = start + 1
 
-    while end >= start & str.is_whitespace(str.nth(s, end))
+    while end >= start & str.is_whitespace(s[end])
         end = end - 1
 
     return str.substr(s, start, end - start + 1)
 
-func str.split[haystack: String, needle: String]: Array
+func str.split[haystack: str, needle: str]: array
-    let haystack_len: I64 = str.len(haystack)
+    let haystack_len: i64 = str.len(haystack)
-    let needle_len: I64 = str.len(needle)
+    let needle_len: i64 = str.len(needle)
-    let result: Array = []
+    let result: array = []
     
     if !needle_len
         if !haystack_len
@@ -131,13 +189,13 @@ func str.split[haystack: String, needle: String]: Array
                 array.push(result, str.substr(haystack, i, 1))
             return result
 
-    let start: I64 = 0
+    let start: i64 = 0
-    let i: I64 = 0
+    let i: i64 = 0
     while i < haystack_len
         if i <= haystack_len - needle_len
-            let match: Bool = true
+            let match: bool = true
             for j in 0..needle_len
-                if str.nth(haystack, i+j) != str.nth(needle, j)
+                if haystack[i + j] != needle[j]
                     match = false
                     break
             if match
@@ -150,99 +208,138 @@ func str.split[haystack: String, needle: String]: Array
     array.push(result, str.substr(haystack, start, haystack_len - start))
     return result
 
-func str.reverse[s: String] : String
+func str.reverse[s: str] : str
-    let len: I64 = str.len(s)
+    let len: i64 = str.len(s)
-    let out: String = mem.alloc(len + 1)
+    let out: str = mem.alloc(len + 1)
 
     for i in 0..len
-        str.set(out, i, str.nth(s, len - i - 1))
+        str.set(out, i, s[len - i - 1])
     str.set(out, len, 0)
     return out
 
-func str.from_i64[n: I64] : String
+// not sure this covers all wacky edge cases
-    let x: String = mem.alloc(21)
+func str.from_i64[n: i64] : str
-    c.snprintf(x, 21, "%ld", n)
+    if n == 0
-    return x
+        return str.copy("0")
 
-func str.parse_i64[s: String] : I64
+    let neg: bool = n < 0
-    return c.strtol(s, 0, 0)
+    if neg
+        n = -n
+    let buf: str = mem.alloc(21) // enough to fit -MAX_I64
+    let i: i64 = 0
+    while n > 0
+        let d: u8 = n % 10
+        str.set(buf, i, '0' + d)
+        n = n / 10
+        i = i + 1
+    if neg
+        str.set(buf, i, '-')
+        i = i + 1
+    str.set(buf, i, 0)
+    let s: str = str.reverse(buf)
+    mem.free(buf)
+    return s
 
-func str.hex_encode[s: String] : String
+func str.from_char[c: u8] : str
-    let hex_chars: String = "0123456789abcdef"
+    let s: str = mem.alloc(2)
-    let s_len: I64 = str.len(s)
+    str.set(s, 0, c)
-    let j: I64 = 0
+    str.set(s, 1, 0)
-    let out: String = mem.alloc(s_len*2+1)
+    return s
+
+func str.parse_i64[s: str] : i64
+    let len: i64 = str.len(s)
+    let i: i64 = 0
+
+    let sign: i64 = 1
+    if i < len & s[i] == '-'
+        sign = -1
+        i = i + 1
+
+    let num: i64 = 0
+    while i < len
+        let d: u8 = s[i]
+        if d < '0' | d > '9'
+            break
+        num = num * 10 + (d - '0')
+        i = i + 1
+    return num * sign
+
+func str.hex_encode[s: str] : str
+    let hex_chars: str = "0123456789abcdef"
+    let s_len: i64 = str.len(s)
+    let j: i64 = 0
+    let out: str = mem.alloc(s_len * 2 + 1)
 
     for i in 0..s_len
-        let high: U8 = (str.nth(s, i) >> 4) & 15
+        let high: u8 = (s[i] >> 4) & 15
-        let low: U8 = str.nth(s, i) & 15
+        let low: u8 = s[i] & 15
-        str.set(out, j, str.nth(hex_chars, high))
+        str.set(out, j, hex_chars[high])
-        str.set(out, j+1, str.nth(hex_chars, low))
+        str.set(out, j + 1, hex_chars[low])
         j = j + 2
 
     str.set(out, j, 0)
     return out
 
-func str._from_hex_digit[d: U8] : I64
+func str._hex_digit_to_int[d: u8] : i64
     if d >= 'a' & d <= 'f'
         return d - 'a' + 10
     if d >= 'A' & d <= 'F'
         return d - 'A' + 10
     return d - '0'
 
-func str.hex_decode[s: String] : String
+func str.hex_decode[s: str] : str
-    let s_len: I64 = str.len(s)
+    let s_len: i64 = str.len(s)
-    let i: I64 = 0
+    let i: i64 = 0
-    let j: I64 = 0
+    let j: i64 = 0
-    let out: String = mem.alloc(s_len/2+1)
+    let out: str = mem.alloc(s_len / 2 + 1)
 
     while i < s_len
-        str.set(out, j, str._from_hex_digit(str.nth(s, i)) * 16 + str._from_hex_digit(str.nth(s, i+1)))
+        str.set(out, j, str._hex_digit_to_int(s[i]) * 16 + str._hex_digit_to_int(s[i + 1]))
         i = i + 2
         j = j + 1
 
     str.set(out, j, 0)
     return out
 
-func math.gcd[a: I64, b: I64] : I64
+func math.gcd[a: i64, b: i64] : i64
     while b != 0
-        let tmp: I64 = b
+        let tmp: i64 = b
         b = a % b
         a = tmp
     return a
 
-func math.min[a: I64, b: I64] : I64
+func math.min[a: i64, b: i64] : i64
     if a < b
         return a
     return b
 
-func math.max[a: I64, b: I64] : I64
+func math.max[a: i64, b: i64] : i64
     if a > b
         return a
     return b
 
-func math.abs[n: I64] : I64
+func math.abs[n: i64] : i64
     if n < 0
         return -n
     return n
 
-func math.pow[b: I64, e: I64] : I64
+func math.pow[b: i64, e: i64] : i64
-    let out: I64 = 1
+    let out: i64 = 1
     for i in 0..e
         out = out * b
     return out
 
-func math.lcm[a: I64, b: I64] : I64
+func math.lcm[a: i64, b: i64] : i64
     return (a * b) / math.gcd(a, b)
 
-func math.isqrt[n: I64] : I64
+func math.isqrt[n: i64] : i64
     if n < 0
-        return -1
+        dbg.panic("negative number passed to math.isqrt")
     if n == 0 | n == 1
         return n
 
-    let guess: I64 = n
+    let guess: i64 = n
-    let next_guess: I64 = (guess + n / guess) / 2
+    let next_guess: i64 = (guess + n / guess) / 2
 
     while next_guess < guess
         guess = next_guess
@@ -250,7 +347,7 @@ func math.isqrt[n: I64] : I64
 
     return guess
 
-func math.is_prime[n: I64]: Bool
+func math.is_prime[n: i64]: bool
     if n <= 1
         return false
     if n == 2 | n == 3
@@ -258,167 +355,249 @@ func math.is_prime[n: I64]: Bool
     if n % 2 == 0 | n % 3 == 0
         return false
 
-    let i: I64 = 5
+    let i: i64 = 5
     while i * i <= n
         if n % i == 0 | n % (i + 2) == 0
             return false
         i = i + 6
     return true
 
-func math.urandom[]: I64
+func array.new[] : array
-    let buffer: Ptr = mem.alloc(8)
+    // [ 8 bytes - ptr to data ] [ 8 bytes - size ] [ 8 bytes - capacity ]
-    let file: Ptr = c.fopen("/dev/urandom", "rb")
+    let arr: ptr = mem.alloc(24)
-    c.fread(buffer, 8, 1, file)
-    c.fclose(file)
-    let n: I64 = mem.read64(buffer)
-    mem.free(buffer)
-    return n
-
-func array.new[] : Array
-    let arr: Ptr = mem.alloc(24)
     mem.zero(arr, 24)
     return arr
 
-func array.nth[xs: Array, n: I64] : I64
+func array.nth[xs: array, n: i64] : i64
-    // this probably should be implemented in the codegen
     if n < 0 | n >= array.size(xs)
         dbg.panic("array.nth out of bounds")
-    return xs[n]
+    let data: ptr = mem.read64(xs)
+    return mem.read64(data + n * 8)
 
-func array.set[xs: Array, n: I64, x: I64] : Void
+func array.set[xs: array, n: i64, x: i64] : void
-    let data: Ptr = mem.read64(xs)
+    if n < 0 | n >= array.size(xs)
-    mem.write64(data+n*8, x)
+        dbg.panic("array.nth out of bounds")
+    let data: ptr = mem.read64(xs)
+    mem.write64(data + n * 8, x)
 
-func array.push[xs: Array, x: I64] : Void
+func array.push[xs: array, x: i64] : void
-    let data: Ptr = mem.read64(xs)
+    let data: ptr = mem.read64(xs)
-    let capacity: I64 = mem.read64(xs+8)
+    let capacity: i64 = mem.read64(xs + 8)
-    let size: I64 = mem.read64(xs+16)
+    let size: i64 = mem.read64(xs + 16)
 
     if size == capacity
-        let new_capacity: I64 = 4
+        let new_capacity: i64 = 4
         if capacity != 0
             new_capacity = capacity * 2
-        let new_data: Ptr = c.realloc(data, new_capacity * 8)
+        let new_data: ptr = realloc(data, new_capacity * 8)
         mem.write64(xs, new_data)
-        mem.write64(xs+8, new_capacity)
+        mem.write64(xs + 8, new_capacity)
         data = new_data
 
-    mem.write64(data+size*8, x)
+    mem.write64(data + size * 8, x)
-    mem.write64(xs+16, size + 1)
+    mem.write64(xs + 16, size + 1)
 
-func array.size[xs: Array] : I64
+func array.size[xs: array] : i64
-    return mem.read64(xs+16)
+    return mem.read64(xs + 16)
 
-func array.free[xs: Array] : Void
+func array.free[xs: array] : void
-    let data: Ptr = mem.read64(xs)
+    let data: ptr = mem.read64(xs)
     if data != 0
         mem.free(data)
     mem.free(xs)
 
-func alg.quicksort[arr: Array] : Void
+func array.slice[xs: array, start: i64, length: i64] : array
-    alg._do_quicksort(arr, 0, array.size(arr)-1)
+    if start < 0 | length < 0 | start + length > array.size(xs)
+        dbg.panic("array.slice out of bounds")
 
-func alg._do_quicksort[arr: Array, low: I64, high: I64] : Void
+    let new_array: array = []
+    for i in 0..length
+        array.push(new_array, array.nth(xs, start + i))
+    return new_array
+
+func array.concat[a: array, b: array] : array
+    let new_array: array = []
+    for i in 0..array.size(a)
+        array.push(new_array, array.nth(a, i))
+    for i in 0..array.size(b)
+        array.push(new_array, array.nth(b, i))
+    return new_array
+
+func alg.quicksort[arr: array] : void
+    alg._do_quicksort(arr, 0, array.size(arr) - 1)
+
+func alg._do_quicksort[arr: array, low: i64, high: i64] : void
     if low < high
-        let i: I64 = alg._partition(arr, low, high)
+        let i: i64 = alg._partition(arr, low, high)
         alg._do_quicksort(arr, low, i - 1)
         alg._do_quicksort(arr, i + 1, high)
 
-func alg._partition[arr: Array, low: I64, high: I64] : I64
+func alg._partition[arr: array, low: i64, high: i64] : i64
-    let pivot: I64 = arr[high]
+    let pivot: i64 = array.nth(arr, high)
-    let i: I64 = low - 1
+    let i: i64 = low - 1
     for j in (low)..high
-        if arr[j] <= pivot
+        if array.nth(arr, j) <= pivot
             i = i + 1
-            let temp: I64 = arr[i]
+            let temp: i64 = array.nth(arr ,i)
-            array.set(arr, i, arr[j])
+            array.set(arr, i, array.nth(arr, j))
             array.set(arr, j, temp)
-    let temp: I64 = arr[i + 1]
+    let temp: i64 = array.nth(arr, i + 1)
-    array.set(arr, i + 1, arr[high])
+    array.set(arr, i + 1, array.nth(arr, high))
     array.set(arr, high, temp)
     return i + 1
 
-func os.exit[code: I64] : Void
+func alg.count[arr: array, item: i64] : i64
-    c.exit(code)
+    let count: i64 = 0
+    let size: i64 = array.size(arr)
+    for i in 0..size
+        if array.nth(arr, i) == item
+            count = count + 1
+    return count
 
-func os.time[] : I64
+func os.exit[code: i64] : void
-    let tv: Ptr = mem.alloc(16)
+    _builtin_syscall(60, code)
-    c.gettimeofday(tv, 0)
+
-    let seconds: I64 = mem.read64(tv)
+func os.urandom[]: i64
-    let microseconds: I64 = mem.read64(tv+8)
+    let n: i64 = 0
+    let fd: i64 = _builtin_syscall(257, -100, "/dev/urandom", 0, 0) // openat
+    _builtin_syscall(0, fd, @n, 8) // read
+    _builtin_syscall(3, fd) // close
+    return n
+
+func os.time[] : i64
+    let tv: ptr = mem.alloc(16)
+    _builtin_syscall(96, tv, 0) // gettimeofday
+    let seconds: i64 = mem.read64(tv)
+    let microseconds: i64 = mem.read64(tv + 8)
     mem.free(tv)
     return seconds * 1000 + microseconds / 1000
 
-func os.listdir[path: String] : Array
+// voodoo magic
-    let dir: Ptr = c.opendir(path)
+func os.shell[command: str] : i64
-    let files: Array = []
+    let pid: i64 = _builtin_syscall(57) // fork
+    if pid == 0
+        // leaky but not sure where can i free it
+        let argv: array = ["sh", "-c", command, 0]
+        _builtin_syscall(59, "/bin/sh", mem.read64(argv), _builtin_environ()) // execve
+        _builtin_syscall(60, 1) // exit
+    else
+        let status: i64 = 0
+        let wp: i64 = _builtin_syscall(61, pid, @status, 0, 0) // waitpid
+        if wp == -1
+            return -1
+        let st: i64 = status & 0xffffffff
         
+        if (st & 0x7f) == 0
+            return (st >> 8) & 0xff
+        else
+            return -(st & 0x7f)
+
+func os.listdir[path: str] : array
+    let fd: i64 = _builtin_syscall(257, -100, path, 0, 0) // openat
+    if fd < 0
+        return []
+
+    let files: array = []
+    let buf: ptr = mem.alloc(1024)
     while true
-        let entry: Ptr = c.readdir(dir)
+        let n: i64 = _builtin_syscall(217, fd, buf, 1024) // getdents64
-        if entry == 0
+        if n <= 0
             break
 
-        let skip: Bool = false
+        let pos: i64 = 0
-        if mem.read8(entry + 19) == '.'
+        while pos < n
-            if mem.read8(entry + 20) == 0
+            let len: i64 = mem.read16(buf + pos + 16)
+            let name: str = buf + pos + 19
+            if name[0]
+                let skip: bool = false
+                // skip if name is exactly '.' or '..'
+                if name[0] == '.'
+                    if name[1] == 0
                         skip = true
-            else if mem.read8(entry + 20) == '.'
+                    else if name[1] == '.'
-                if mem.read8(entry + 21) == 0
+                        if name[2] == 0
                             skip = true
-
                 if !skip
-            array.push(files, str.copy(entry + 19))
+                    array.push(files, str.copy(name))
-    c.closedir(dir)
+            pos = pos + len
+
+    mem.free(buf)
+    _builtin_syscall(3, fd) // close
     return files
 
-func net.listen[port: I64] : I64
+func net.listen[packed_host: i64, port: i64] : i64
-    let s: I64 = c.socket(2, 1, 0)
+    let s: i64 = _builtin_syscall(41, 2, 1, 0) // socket
     if s < 0
         return -1
     
-    let sa: Ptr = mem.alloc(16)
+    let optval: i64 = 1
+    if _builtin_syscall(54, s, 1, 2, @optval, 8) < 0 // setsockopt(SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
+        _builtin_syscall(3, s) // close
+        return -1
+
+    let sa: ptr = mem.alloc(16)
     mem.zero(sa, 16)
     mem.write8(sa + 0, 2)
     mem.write8(sa + 1, 0)
     mem.write8(sa + 2, (port >> 8) & 255)
     mem.write8(sa + 3, port & 255)
+    mem.write8(sa + 4, (packed_host >> 24) & 255)
+    mem.write8(sa + 5, (packed_host >> 16) & 255)
+    mem.write8(sa + 6, (packed_host >> 8) & 255)
+    mem.write8(sa + 7, packed_host & 255)
 
-    if c.bind(s, sa, 16) < 0
+    if _builtin_syscall(49, s, sa, 16) < 0 // bind
-        c.close(s)
+        _builtin_syscall(3, s) // close
+        mem.free(sa)
         return -1
     mem.free(sa)
 
-    if c.listen(s, 1) < 0
+    if _builtin_syscall(50, s, 1) < 0 // listen
-        c.close(s)
+        _builtin_syscall(3, s) // close
         return -1
     
     return s
 
-func net.connect[host: String, port: I64] : I64
+func net.connect[host: str, port: i64] : i64
-    let he: Ptr = c.gethostbyname(host)
+    let he: ptr = gethostbyname(host)
     if he == 0
         return -1
 
-    let ip_ptr: Ptr = mem.read64(mem.read64(he + 24))
+    let ip_ptr: ptr = mem.read64(mem.read64(he + 24))
 
-    let s: I64 = c.socket(2, 1, 0)
+    let s: i64 = _builtin_syscall(41, 2, 1, 0) // socket
     if s < 0
         return -1
 
-    let sa: Ptr = mem.alloc(16)
+    let sa: ptr = mem.alloc(16)
     mem.zero(sa, 16)
     mem.write8(sa + 0, 2)
     mem.write8(sa + 2, (port >> 8) & 255)
     mem.write8(sa + 3, port & 255)
-    mem.write8(sa + 4, mem.read8(ip_ptr + 0))
+    mem.write8(sa + 4, ip_ptr[0])
-    mem.write8(sa + 5, mem.read8(ip_ptr + 1))
+    mem.write8(sa + 5, ip_ptr[1])
-    mem.write8(sa + 6, mem.read8(ip_ptr + 2))
+    mem.write8(sa + 6, ip_ptr[2])
-    mem.write8(sa + 7, mem.read8(ip_ptr + 3))
+    mem.write8(sa + 7, ip_ptr[3])
 
-    if c.connect(s, sa, 16) < 0
+    if _builtin_syscall(42, s, sa, 16) < 0 // connect
         mem.free(sa)
-        c.close(s)
+        _builtin_syscall(3, s) // close
         return -1
 
     mem.free(sa)
     return s
+
+func net.accept[s: i64] : i64
+    return _builtin_syscall(43, s, 0, 0)
+
+func net.send[s: i64, data: str, size: i64] : void
+    _builtin_syscall(44, s, data, size, 0, 0, 0)
+
+func net.read[s: i64, buffer: ptr, size: i64] : i64
+    return _builtin_syscall(0, s, buffer, size)
+
+func net.close[s: i64] : void
+    _builtin_syscall(3, s)
+
+func net.pack_addr[a: i64, b: i64, c: i64, d: i64] : i64
+    return (a << 24) | (b << 16) | (c << 8) | d

src/tokenizer.rs

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ pub enum TokenType {
     BitAnd,
     BitOr,
     Pipe,
+    At,
     DoubleDot,
     ShiftLeft,
     ShiftRight,
@@ -47,6 +48,8 @@ pub enum TokenType {
     KeywordReturn,
     KeywordBreak,
     KeywordContinue,
+    KeywordExtern,
+    KeywordExport,
 
     Indent,
     Dedent,
@@ -152,6 +155,7 @@ impl Tokenizer {
             '%' => self.add_token(TokenType::Mod),
             '^' => self.add_token(TokenType::Xor),
             ':' => self.add_token(TokenType::Colon),
+            '@' => self.add_token(TokenType::At),
             '.' => {
                 if self.match_char('.') {
                     self.add_token(TokenType::DoubleDot)
@@ -210,6 +214,9 @@ impl Tokenizer {
             }
             // TODO: escape sequences
             '\'' => {
+                if self.eof() {
+                    return error!(self.loc, "unterminated char literal");
+                }
                 self.advance();
                 if !self.match_char('\'') {
                     return error!(self.loc, "expected ' after char literal");
@@ -298,6 +305,10 @@ impl Tokenizer {
             while self.peek().is_ascii_hexdigit() {
                 self.advance();
             }
+        } else if self.match_char('o') {
+            while matches!(self.peek(), '0'..='7') {
+                self.advance();
+            }
         } else {
             while self.peek().is_ascii_digit() {
                 self.advance();
@@ -334,6 +345,8 @@ impl Tokenizer {
             "return" => TokenType::KeywordReturn,
             "break" => TokenType::KeywordBreak,
             "continue" => TokenType::KeywordContinue,
+            "extern" => TokenType::KeywordExtern,
+            "export" => TokenType::KeywordExport,
             "true" => TokenType::True,
             "false" => TokenType::False,
             _ => TokenType::Identifier,

test.zr

@@ -1,34 +1,60 @@
-func run_test[x: String] : Void
+func run_test[x: str] : void
-    c.printf("\033[93mBuilding %s...\033[0m", x)
+    if str.equal(x, "puzzles") | str.equal(x, "raylib.zr") | str.equal(x, "x11.zr") | str.equal(x, "sqlite_todo.zr")
-    let cmd: String = str.concat("./target/release/zern examples/", x)
+        io.print("\033[93mSkipping ")
+        io.print(x)
+        io.println("...\033[0m")
+        return 0
 
-    let build_start_time: I64 = os.time()
+    io.print("\033[93mBuilding ")
-    if c.system(cmd) != 0
+    io.print(x)
+    io.print("...\033[0m ")
+    let cmd: str = str.concat("./target/release/zern examples/", x)
+
+    let build_start_time: i64 = os.time()
+    if os.shell(cmd) != 0
         os.exit(1)
-    let build_end_time: I64 = os.time()
+    let build_end_time: i64 = os.time()
 
     mem.free(cmd)
-    c.printf(" %ldms\n", build_end_time - build_start_time)
+    io.print_i64(build_end_time - build_start_time)
+    io.println("ms")
 
-    if str.equal(x, "guess_number.zr") | str.equal(x, "tcp_server.zr") | str.equal(x, "raylib.zr")
+    if str.find(x, "/aoc") != -1 | str.equal(x, "guess_number.zr") | str.equal(x, "tcp_server.zr")
-        c.printf("\033[93mSkipping %s...\033[0m\n", x)
+        io.print("\033[93mSkipping ")
-    else
+        io.print(x)
-        let run_start_time: I64 = os.time()
+        io.println("...\033[0m")
+        return 0
+
+    io.print("\033[93mRunning ")
+    io.print(x)
+    io.println("...\033[0m")
+
+    let run_start_time: i64 = os.time()
     if str.equal(x, "curl.zr")
-            if c.system("./out http://example.com") != 0
+        if os.shell("./out http://example.com") != 0
             os.exit(1)
     else
-            if c.system("./out") != 0
+        if os.shell("./out") != 0
             os.exit(1)
-        let run_end_time: I64 = os.time()
+    let run_end_time: i64 = os.time()
 
-        c.printf("\033[93mRunning %s...\033[0m %ldms\n", x, run_end_time - run_start_time)
+    io.print("\033[93mRunning ")
+    io.print(x)
+    io.print(" took\033[0m ")
+    io.print_i64(run_end_time - run_start_time)
+    io.println("ms")
 
-func main[] : I64
+func main[] : i64
-    c.system("cargo build --release")
+    os.shell("cargo build --release")
 
-    let files: Array = os.listdir("examples/")
+    let files: array = os.listdir("examples/")
     for i in 0..array.size(files)
-        run_test(files[i])
+        run_test(array.nth(files, i))
     
     array.free(files)
+
+    let puzzle_files: array = os.listdir("examples/puzzles/")
+    for i in 0..array.size(puzzle_files)
+        run_test(str.concat("puzzles/", array.nth(puzzle_files, i)))
+    
+    array.free(puzzle_files)